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Campbell Biology 9th Edition - Chapter 12 Flashcards

The Cell Cycle

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1200523453cell divisionprocess by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells0
1200523454cell cyclesequence of events from the production of a eukaryotic cell to the time the cell itself reproduces1
1200523455genomethe complete genetic material contained in an individual2
1200523456chromosomesthreadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes3
1200523457chromatingranular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins4
1200523458somatic cellsall the cells of your body except your sex cells5
1200523459gametesreproductive cells, have only half the number of chromosomes as body cells6
1200523460sister chromatidsidentical copies of a chromosome; full sets of these are created during the S(DNA replication) subphase of interphase7
1200523461centromerethe region of the chromosome that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis8
1200523462mitosisin eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes9
1200523463cytokinesisdivision of the cytoplasm during cell division10
1200523464M phasethe phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis11
1200523465interphasethe period of the cell cycle during which the nucleus is not undergoing division, typically occurring between mitotic or meiotic divisions12
1200523466G1 phaseThe first growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.13
1200523467S phaseThe synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.14
1200523468G2 phasestage of interphase in which cell duplicates its cytosol and organelles15
1200523469prophasethe replicated chromosomes, each consisting of two closely associated sister chromatids, condense. Outside the nucleus, the mitotic spindle assembles between the two centrosornes, which have replicated and moved apart.16
1200523470prometaphasestarts abruptly with the breakdown of the nuclear envelope. Chromosomes can now attach to spindle microtubules via their kinetochores and undergo active movement.17
1200523471metaphasechromosomes are aligned at the equator of the spindle, midway between the spindle poles. The kinetochore microtubules attach sister chromatids to opposite poles of the spindle.18
1200523472anaphasethe sister chromatids separate to form two daughter chromorosomes, each is pulled slowly toward the spindle pole it faces The kinetochore microtubules get shorter, and the spindle poles also move apart19
1200523473telophaselast phase of mitosis, chromosome are in two new cells and nuclear membranes start to reform20
1200523474mitotic spindleAn assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis.21
1200523475centrosomeStructure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells, important during cell division; functions as a microtubule-organizing center. A centrosome has two centrioles.22
1200523476asterstar-shaped structure formed in the cytoplasm of a cell having fibers like rays that surround the centrosome during mitosis23
1200523477kinetochoreA specialized region on the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle.24
1200523478metaphase plateAn imaginary plane during metaphase in which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located midway between the two poles25
1200523479cleavage furrowThe first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.26
1200523480cell plateA double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.27
1200523481origin of replicationThe specific location on a DNa strand where replication begins.. Prokaryotes typically have a single origin of replication, while eukaryotes have several per chromosome.28
1200523482binary fissiona form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size29
1200523483cell cycle control systemA cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle.30
1200523484checkpointA control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle.31
1200523485cyclinprotein that cycles in quantity as the cell cycle progresses; combines with and activates the kinases that function to promote the events of the cycle32
1200523486CDKsenzymes in an inactive form that are present in consistent concentrations over the cell cycle; *most significant enzyme in regulating cell cycle33
1200523487MPFMaturation-promoting factor (M-phase-promoting factor); a protein complex required for a cell to progress from late interphase to mitosis. The active form consists of cyclin and a protein kinase.34
1200523488G0 phaseA nondividing state in which a cell has left the cell cycle.35
1200523489growth factorone of a group of external regulatory proteins that stimulate the growth and division of cells36
1200523490density-dependent inhibitionThe phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another.37
1200523491anchorage dependenceThe requirement that to divide, a cell must be attached to the substratum.38
1200523492transformationthe process that converts a normal cell to a cancer cell39
1200523493malignant tumoran abnormal tissue mass that can spread into neighboring tissue and to other parts of the body; a cancerous tumor.40
1200523494benign tumorA mass of abnormal cells that remains at the site of origin41
1200523495metastasisspread of cancer cells beyond their original site in the body42
1200523496platelet derived growth factorsecreted by blood platelets and endothelial cells in an area of injury, this is an agent that stimulates fibroblasts to multiply and synthesize collagen43

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