From Gene to Protein
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| 432227339 | gene expression | the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins (or, in some cases, just RNAs) | |
| 432227340 | transcription | synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template | |
| 432227341 | primary transcript | the initial RNA transcript from any gene, including those specifying RNA that is not translated into protein | |
| 432227342 | mRNA | messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome | |
| 432227343 | translation | The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule | |
| 432227344 | ribosomes | The sites of translation, complex particles that facilitate the orderly linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains. | |
| 432227345 | triplet code | 3 bases of DNA that code for a single amino acid | |
| 432227346 | codons | mRNA base triplets | |
| 432227347 | template strand | The DNA strand that provides the template for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript. | |
| 432227348 | reading frame | the way a cell's mRNA-translating machinery groups the mRNA nucleotides into codons | |
| 432227349 | RNA polymerase | pries the two strands of DNA apart and joins together RNA nucleotides complementary to the DNA template strand, thus elongating the RNA polynucleotide | |
| 432227350 | promoter | The DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription | |
| 432227351 | terminator | In prokaryotes, a special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. It signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule, which then departs from the gene. | |
| 432227352 | transcription unit | the stretch of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule | |
| 432227353 | start point | nucleotide where RNA synthesis actually begins | |
| 432227354 | transcription factors | in eukaryotes, a collection of proteins that mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription | |
| 432227355 | transcription initiation complex | the whole complex of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to the promoter | |
| 432227356 | TATA box | A promoter DNA sequence crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex., a DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex (the transcription factors recognize this); "tells RNA pol where to land" | |
| 432227357 | 5' cap | a methylated guanine nucleotide added to the 5' end of eukaryotic mRNA | |
| 432227358 | poly-A tail | The modified end of the 3' end of an mRNA molecule consisting of the addition of some 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides. | |
| 432227359 | RNA splicing | process by which the introns are removed from RNA transcripts and the remaining exons are joined together | |
| 432227360 | introns | a non-coding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene | |
| 432227361 | exons | expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein | |
| 432227362 | spliceosome | A complex assembly that interacts with the ends of an RNA intron in splicing RNA, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons. | |
| 432227363 | ribozymes | An enzymatic RNA molecule that catalyzes reactions during RNA splicing. | |
| 432227364 | domains | modular architecture on proteins consisting of discrete structural and functional regions | |
| 432227365 | alternative RNA splicing | A type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns | |
| 432227366 | aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases | an enzyme that joins each amino acid to the appropriate tRNA | |
| 432227367 | tRNA | short-chain RNA molecules present in the cell (in at least 20 varieties, each variety capable of combining with a specific amino acid) that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized at the ribosome of the cell (according | |
| 432227368 | anticodon | group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon | |
| 432227369 | wobble | flexibility in the base-pairing rules in which the nucleotide at the 5' end of a tRNA anticodon can form hydrogen bonds with more than one kind of base in the third position (3' end) of a codon | |
| 432227370 | rRNA | The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins froms the structure of ribosomes. Ribosomes coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to mRNA codons | |
| 432227371 | P site | holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain. | |
| 432227372 | A site | holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain | |
| 432227373 | E site | This site is the place where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome. | |
| 432227374 | polyribosomes | An aggregation of several ribosomes attached to one messenger RNA molecule. | |
| 432227375 | signal recognition particle | binds to the signal sequence and the ribosomal subunits and transports the complex to the ER | |
| 432227376 | signal peptide | A stretch of amino acids on a polypeptide that targets the protein to a specific destination in a eukaryotic cell. | |
| 432227377 | nucleotide-pair substitution | A type of point mutation in which one nucleotide in a DNA strand and its partner in the complementary strand are replaced by another pair of nucleotides. | |
| 432227378 | mutation | change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information | |
| 432227379 | silent mutation | A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created. | |
| 432227380 | nonsense mutation | A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein. | |
| 432227381 | missense mutation | The most common type of mutation, a base-pair substitution in which the new codon makes sense in that it still codes for an amino acid. | |
| 432227382 | point mutation | mutation that affects a single nucleotide, usually by substituting one nucleotide for another | |
| 432227383 | insertion | A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene. | |
| 432227384 | deletion | The loss of one or more nucleotides from a gene by mutation; the loss of a fragment of a chromosome | |
| 432227385 | frameshift mutation | mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide | |
| 432227386 | mutagen | any agent (physical or environmental) that can induce a genetic mutation or can increase the rate of mutation |
