From Gene to Protein
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| 896104706 | gene expression | the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins (or, in some cases, just RNAs) | 0 | |
| 896104707 | transcription | synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template | 1 | |
| 896104708 | primary transcript | the initial RNA transcript from any gene, including those specifying RNA that is not translated into protein | 2 | |
| 896104709 | mRNA | messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome | 3 | |
| 896104710 | translation | The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule | 4 | |
| 896104711 | ribosomes | The sites of translation, complex particles that facilitate the orderly linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains. | 5 | |
| 896104712 | triplet code | 3 bases of DNA that code for a single amino acid | 6 | |
| 896104713 | codons | mRNA base triplets | 7 | |
| 896104714 | template strand | The DNA strand that provides the template for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript. | 8 | |
| 896104715 | reading frame | the way a cell's mRNA-translating machinery groups the mRNA nucleotides into codons | 9 | |
| 896104716 | RNA polymerase | pries the two strands of DNA apart and joins together RNA nucleotides complementary to the DNA template strand, thus elongating the RNA polynucleotide | 10 | |
| 896104717 | promoter | The DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription | 11 | |
| 896104718 | terminator | In prokaryotes, a special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. It signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule, which then departs from the gene. | 12 | |
| 896104719 | transcription unit | the stretch of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule | 13 | |
| 896104720 | start point | nucleotide where RNA synthesis actually begins | 14 | |
| 896104721 | transcription factors | in eukaryotes, a collection of proteins that mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription | 15 | |
| 896104722 | transcription initiation complex | the whole complex of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to the promoter | 16 | |
| 896104723 | TATA box | A promoter DNA sequence crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex., a DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex (the transcription factors recognize this); "tells RNA pol where to land" | 17 | |
| 896104724 | 5' cap | a methylated guanine nucleotide added to the 5' end of eukaryotic mRNA | 18 | |
| 896104725 | poly-A tail | The modified end of the 3' end of an mRNA molecule consisting of the addition of some 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides. | 19 | |
| 896104726 | RNA splicing | process by which the introns are removed from RNA transcripts and the remaining exons are joined together | 20 | |
| 896104727 | introns | a non-coding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene | 21 | |
| 896104728 | exons | expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein | 22 | |
| 896104729 | spliceosome | A complex assembly that interacts with the ends of an RNA intron in splicing RNA, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons. | 23 | |
| 896104730 | ribozymes | An enzymatic RNA molecule that catalyzes reactions during RNA splicing. | 24 | |
| 896104731 | domains | modular architecture on proteins consisting of discrete structural and functional regions | 25 | |
| 896104732 | alternative RNA splicing | A type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns | 26 | |
| 896104733 | aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases | an enzyme that joins each amino acid to the appropriate tRNA | 27 | |
| 896104734 | tRNA | short-chain RNA molecules present in the cell (in at least 20 varieties, each variety capable of combining with a specific amino acid) that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized at the ribosome of the cell (according | 28 | |
| 896104735 | anticodon | group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon | 29 | |
| 896104736 | wobble | flexibility in the base-pairing rules in which the nucleotide at the 5' end of a tRNA anticodon can form hydrogen bonds with more than one kind of base in the third position (3' end) of a codon | 30 | |
| 896104737 | rRNA | The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins froms the structure of ribosomes. Ribosomes coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to mRNA codons | 31 | |
| 896104738 | P site | holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain. | 32 | |
| 896104739 | A site | holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain | 33 | |
| 896104740 | E site | This site is the place where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome. | 34 | |
| 896104741 | polyribosomes | An aggregation of several ribosomes attached to one messenger RNA molecule. | 35 | |
| 896104742 | signal recognition particle | binds to the signal sequence and the ribosomal subunits and transports the complex to the ER | 36 | |
| 896104743 | signal peptide | A stretch of amino acids on a polypeptide that targets the protein to a specific destination in a eukaryotic cell. | 37 | |
| 896104744 | nucleotide-pair substitution | A type of point mutation in which one nucleotide in a DNA strand and its partner in the complementary strand are replaced by another pair of nucleotides. | 38 | |
| 896104745 | mutation | change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information | 39 | |
| 896104746 | silent mutation | A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created. | 40 | |
| 896104747 | nonsense mutation | A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein. | 41 | |
| 896104748 | missense mutation | The most common type of mutation, a base-pair substitution in which the new codon makes sense in that it still codes for an amino acid. | 42 | |
| 896104749 | point mutation | mutation that affects a single nucleotide, usually by substituting one nucleotide for another | 43 | |
| 896104750 | insertion | A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene. | 44 | |
| 896104751 | deletion | The loss of one or more nucleotides from a gene by mutation; the loss of a fragment of a chromosome | 45 | |
| 896104752 | frameshift mutation | mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide | 46 | |
| 896104753 | mutagen | any agent (physical or environmental) that can induce a genetic mutation or can increase the rate of mutation | 47 |
