Regulation of Gene Expression
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| 1200528613 | operator | region of DNA that controls RNA polymerase's access to a set of genes with related functions | 0 | |
| 1200528614 | operon | a unit of genetic function found in bacteria and phages, consisting of a promoter, an operator, and a coordinately regulated cluster of genes whose products function in a common pathway. | 1 | |
| 1200528615 | repressor | protein that binds to the operator in an operon to switch off transcription | 2 | |
| 1200528616 | corepressor | a small molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch an operon off | 3 | |
| 1200528617 | regulatory gene | A gene that codes for a protein, such as a repressor, that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes. | 4 | |
| 1200528618 | inducer | A specific small molecule that inactivates the repressor in an operon. | 5 | |
| 1200528619 | cAMP | is a second messenger important in many biological processes. is derived from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and used for intracellular signal transduction in many different organisms, conveying the cAMP-dependent pathway. | 6 | |
| 1200528620 | activator | A protein that binds to DNA and stimulates transcription of a specific gene. | 7 | |
| 1200528621 | lac operon | a gene system whose operator gene and three structural genes control lactose metabolism in E. coli | 8 | |
| 1200528622 | differential gene expression | The expression of different sets of genes by cells with the same genome. | 9 | |
| 1200528623 | histone acetylation | the attachment of acetyl groups (-COCH3) to certain amino acids of histone proteins, the chromatin becomes less compact, and the DNA is accessible for transcription | 10 | |
| 1200528624 | DNA methylation | The addition of methyl groups (—CH3) to bases of DNA after DNA synthesis; may serve as a long-term control of gene expression. | 11 | |
| 1200528625 | epigenetic inheritance | Inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence. | 12 | |
| 1200528626 | control elements | segments of noncoding DNA that help regulate transcription by binding certain proteins | 13 | |
| 1200528627 | enhancers | A DNA sequence that recognizes certain transcription factors that can stimulate transcription of nearby genes. | 14 | |
| 1200528628 | alternative RNA splicing | in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns | 15 | |
| 1200528629 | proteasomes | a giant protein complex that recognizes and destroys proteins tagged for elimination by the small protein ubiquitin | 16 | |
| 1200528630 | miRNA | a class of functional RNA that regulates the amount of protein produced by a eukaryotic gene | 17 | |
| 1200528631 | RNAi | a way of assessing the function of a gene by introducing special transgenic constructs to inactivate its mRNA | 18 | |
| 1200528632 | siRNA | class of double-stranded RNAs about 23 nucleotides in length that silence gene expression; act by either promoting the degradation of mRNAs with precisely complementary sequences or by inhibiting the transcription of genes containing precisely complementary sequences | 19 | |
| 1200528633 | cytoplasmic determinants | The maternal substances in the egg that influence the course of early development by regulating the expression of genes that affect the developmental fate of cells. | 20 | |
| 1200528634 | differentiation | change in structure and function of a cell as it matures; specialization | 21 | |
| 1200528635 | morphogen | A substance governing the pattern of tissue development and, in particular, the positions of the various specialized cell types within a tissue. It spreads from a localized source and forms a concentration gradient across a developing tissue. | 22 | |
| 1200528636 | induction | The process in which one group of embryonic cells influences the development of another, usually by causing changes in gene expression. | 23 | |
| 1200528637 | determination | The point during development at which a cell becomes committed to a particular fate (sensory, other, etc.). Note that the cell is not differentiated at this point; determination comes before differentiation. Determination can be due to cytoplasmic effects or to induction by neighboring cells. | 24 | |
| 1200528638 | pattern formation | The development of a multicellular organism's spatial organization, the arrangement of organs and tissues in their characteristic places in three-dimensional space. | 25 | |
| 1200528639 | positional information | Signals to which genes regulating development respond, indicating a cell's location relative to other cells in an embryonic structure. | 26 | |
| 1200528640 | embryonic lethals | Mutations with phenotypes leading to death at the embryo or larval stage. | 27 | |
| 1200528641 | homeotic genes | Any of the genes that control the overall body plan of animals by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells. | 28 | |
| 1200528642 | maternal effect genes | A gene that, when mutant in the mother, results in a mutant phenotype in the offspring, regardless of the genotype. | 29 | |
| 1200528643 | bicoid | A maternal effect gene that codes for a protein responsible for specifying the anterior end in Drosophila. | 30 | |
| 1200528644 | egg polarity genes | Another name for maternal effect genes, these genes control the orientation (polarity) of the egg, one group sets up the anterior posterior axis, while the other sets up the dorsal ventrtal axis. | 31 | |
| 1200528645 | morphogenesis | development of body form and organization | 32 | |
| 1200528646 | oncogenes | genes that cause cancer by blocking the normal controls on cell reproduction | 33 | |
| 1200528647 | proto-oncogenes | normal cellular genes that are important regulators of normal cellular processes, they promote growth. alterations in the expression of these cells resulr in oncogenes | 34 | |
| 1200528648 | ras gene | This gene codes for Ras protein, a G protein that relays a growth signal from a growth-factor receptor on the plasma membrane to a cascade of protein kinases that ultimately results in the stimulation of the cell cycle. Many ras oncogenes have a point mutation that leads to a hyperactive version of the Ras protein that can lead to excessive cell division. | 35 | |
| 1200528649 | p53 gene | The "guardian angel of the genome," p53 is expressed when a cell's DNA is damaged. Its product, p53 protein, functions as a transcription factor for several genes. | 36 | |
| 1200528650 | tumor suppressor genes | Genes which code for proteins that suppress tumor formation by applying brakes on cell proliferation. (mutation that creates a deficiency would contribute to carcinogenesis) | 37 |
