The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates
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| 2757490822 | vertebrates | Animals with backbones | 0 | |
| 2757490823 | Chordates | an animal phylum that has a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, and gill slits at some time in its life cycle | 1 | |
| 2757490824 | notochord | a flexible rodlike structure that forms the supporting axis of the body in the lowest chordates and lowest vertebrates and in embryos of higher vertebrates | 2 | |
| 2757490825 | lancets | Invertebrate chordates that are small, fish-like creatures that live on the ocean bottom | 3 | |
| 2757490826 | pharyngeal slits | Slits used for filter feeding in primitive chordates and have been adapted for other functions in more highly evolved chordates; a common feature of all chordates. | 4 | |
| 2757490827 | pharyngeal clefts | In chordate embryos, grooves that separate a series of pouches along the sides of the pharynx and may develop into pharyngeal slits. | 5 | |
| 2757490828 | Chordate characteristics | dorsal nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal pouches, tail posterior to anus | 6 | |
| 2757490829 | tunicates | Members of the subphylum Urochordata, sessile marine chordates that lack a backbone. | 7 | |
| 2757490830 | craniates | Chordates with a head, have a skull, brain, eyes, sensory organs, and the neural crest, a collection of cells near the dorsal margins of the closing neural tube in an embryo | 8 | |
| 2757490831 | neural crest | A band of cells along the border where the neural tube pinches off from the ectoderm; the cells migrate to various parts of the embryo and form the pigment cells in the skin, bones of the skull, the teeth, the adrenal glands, and parts of the peripheral nervous system. | 9 | |
| 2757490832 | Conodonts | slender, soft bodied vertebrates with prominent eyes that were controlled by numerous muscles and armored; extinct | 10 | |
| 2757490833 | gnathostomes | jawed vertebrates | 11 | |
| 2757490834 | acanthodians | Group of jawed fishes, characterized by large spines in their fins. | 12 | |
| 2757490835 | lateral line system | sensitive receptor system that enables fish to detect gentle currents and vibrations in the water | 13 | |
| 2757490836 | chondrichthyans | member of the class Chondrichthyes, vertebrates with skeletons made mostly of cartilage, such as sharks and rays | 14 | |
| 2757490837 | placoderms | extinct lineage of armored vertebrates | 15 | |
| 2757490838 | oviparous | egg-laying | 16 | |
| 2757490839 | ovoviviparous | producing living young from eggs that hatch within the body | 17 | |
| 2757490840 | viviparous | producing living young (not eggs) | 18 | |
| 2757490841 | cloaca | a muscular cavity at the end of the large intestine through which digestive wastes, urine, and eggs or sperm leave the body | 19 | |
| 2757490842 | operculum | Movable flap that covers and protects the gills in fishes | 20 | |
| 2757490843 | swim bladder | an air-filled sac near the spinal column in many fishes that helps maintain buoyancy | 21 | |
| 2757490844 | ray- finned fishes | bony fishes, including trout, bass, perch, and tuna. their fins are supported by thin, flexible skeletal rays | 22 | |
| 2757490845 | lobe-fins | a bony fish with strong, muscular fins supported by bones; extinct except for one species, the coelacanth | 23 | |
| 2757490846 | tetrapods | vertebrate animals having four feet, legs or leglike appendages | 24 | |
| 2757490847 | amphibians | vertebrates that live in water and on land, smooth skin covers body, lay eggs, cold blooded | 25 | |
| 2757490848 | amniotes | member of a clade of tetrapods that have an amniotic egg containing specialized membranes that protect the embryo; mammals, birds+reptiles | 26 | |
| 2757490849 | amniotic egg | A shelled, water-retaining egg that enables reptiles, birds, and egg-laying mammals to complete their life cycles on dry land | 27 | |
| 2757490850 | reptile | any cold-blooded vertebrate of the class Reptilia including tortoises turtles snakes lizards alligators crocodiles and extinct forms | 28 | |
| 2757490851 | endothermic | (of a chemical reaction or compound) occurring or formed with absorption of heat | 29 | |
| 2757490852 | parareptiles | First major group of reptiles to emerge, mostly large, stocky quadrupedal herbivores; died out in the late Triassic period | 30 | |
| 2757490853 | diapsids | Reptiles possessing a skull with two pairs of openings behind each eye socket; includes squamates, birds, crocodiles, and dinosaurs | 31 | |
| 2757490854 | lepidosaurs | The reptilian group that includes lizards, snakes, and two species of New Zealand animals called tuataras. | 32 | |
| 2757490855 | ectothermic | of animals except birds and mammals | 33 | |
| 2757490856 | archosaurs | The reptilian group that includes crocodiles, alligators, dinosaurs, and birds. | 34 | |
| 2757490857 | Pterosaurs | Winged reptiles that lived during the time of dinosaurs. | 35 | |
| 2757490858 | dinosaurs | An extremely diverse group of ancient reptiles varying in body shape, size, and habitat. | 36 | |
| 2757490859 | theropods | A group of relatively small, bipedal, carnivorous dinosaurs. | 37 | |
| 2757490860 | ratites | ostrich, kiwi, emu; flightless birds | 38 | |
| 2757490861 | mammals | vertebrates that live on land, fur or hair covers body, live birth, warm blooded | 39 | |
| 2757490862 | synapsids | have single opning in the outer layer of the skull just behind eye socket | 40 | |
| 2757490863 | Monotremes | mammals that lay eggs | 41 | |
| 2757490864 | marsupials | Mammals whose immature offspring complete their development in an external pouch. | 42 | |
| 2757490865 | placenta | the vascular structure in the uterus of most mammals providing oxygen and nutrients for and transferring wastes from the developing fetus | 43 | |
| 2757490866 | Eutherians | placental mammals | 44 | |
| 2757490867 | opposable thumb | An arrangement of the fingers such that the thumb can touch the ventral surface of the fingertips of all four fingers. | 45 | |
| 2757490868 | anthropoids | A member of a primate group made up of the apes (gibbon, orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzee, and bonobo), monkeys, and humans. | 46 | |
| 2757490869 | hominins | the members of the human lineage after it split with the chimpanzee lineage | 47 | |
| 2757490870 | paleoanthropology | the scientific study of human fossils | 48 |
