Circulation and Gas Exchange
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| 442335651 | heart | the hollow muscular organ located behind the sternum and between the lungs | |
| 442335652 | open circulatory system | A circulatory system that allows the blood to flow out of the blood vessels and into various body cavities so that the cells are in direct contact with the blood | |
| 442335653 | hemolymph | In invertebrates with an open circulatory system, the body fluid that bathes tissues. | |
| 442335654 | closed circulatory system | system in which blood is contained within a network of blood vessels | |
| 442335655 | blood | A type of connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which blood cells are suspended. | |
| 442335656 | cardiovascular system | the organs and tissues involved in circulating blood and lymph through the body | |
| 442335657 | Arteries | blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart | |
| 442335658 | arterioles | small vessels that receive blood from the arteries | |
| 442335659 | Capillaries | tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that allow the exchange of gases and nutrients between the blood and the cells of the body | |
| 442335660 | capillary beds | sites of chemical exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid | |
| 442335661 | venules | small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins | |
| 442335662 | veins | blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart | |
| 442335663 | atria | the two upper chambers of the heart- the receiving areas that pool incoming blood. | |
| 442335664 | ventricles | the two lower chambers of the heart, and they pump blood out to the lungs and body. | |
| 442335665 | single circulation | a circulatory system consisting of a single pump and circuit, in which blood passes from the sites of gas exchange to the rest of the body before returning to the heart | |
| 442335666 | double circulation | a circulatory system consisting of separate pulmonary and systemic circuits, in which blood passes through the heart after completing each circuit | |
| 442335667 | pulmonary circuit | carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the heart | |
| 442335668 | pulmocutaneous circuit | A branch of the circulatory system in many amphibians that supplies the lungs and skin. | |
| 442335669 | systemic circuit | Circuit of blood that carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body. | |
| 442335670 | heart murmur | an abnormal sound of the heart | |
| 442335671 | cardiac cycle | the complete cycle of events in the heart from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next | |
| 442335672 | systole | the contraction of the chambers of the heart (especially the ventricles) to drive blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery | |
| 442335673 | diastole | the widening of the chambers of the heart between two contractions when the chambers fill with blood | |
| 442335674 | cardiac output | the amount of blood pumped out by the ventricles in a given period of time | |
| 442335675 | heart rate | the rate at which the heart beats | |
| 442335676 | stroke volume | the volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each heartbeat | |
| 442335677 | atrioventricular valve | either of two heart valves through which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles | |
| 442335678 | Semilunar valves | pulmonary and aortic valves located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between the left ventricle and the aorta | |
| 442335679 | sinoatrial node | a specialized bit of heart tissue that controls the heartbeat | |
| 442335680 | electrocardiogram | a graphical recording of the cardiac cycle produced by an electrocardiograph | |
| 442335681 | atrioventricular node | a node of specialized heart muscle located in the septal wall of the right atrium | |
| 442335682 | endothelium | an epithelium of mesoblastic origin | |
| 442335683 | systolic pressure | the blood pressure (as measured by a sphygmomanometer) during the contraction of the left ventricle of the heart | |
| 442335684 | pulse | the rhythmic contraction and expansion of the arteries with each beat of the heart | |
| 442335685 | diastolic pressure | the blood pressure (as measured by a sphygmomanometer) after the contraction of the heart while the chambers of the heart refill with blood | |
| 442335686 | vasoconstriction | decrease in the diameter of blood vessels | |
| 442335687 | vasodilation | widening of the blood vessels that allows for increased blood flow | |
| 442335688 | lymph | a thin coagulable fluid (similar to plasma but) containing white blood cells (lymphocytes) and chyle | |
| 442335689 | lymph nodes | Bean-shaped filters that cluster along the lymphatic vessels of the body. They function as a cleanser of lymph as wells as a site of T and B cell activation | |
| 442335690 | lymphatic system | the interconnected system of spaces and vessels between body tissues and organs by which lymph circulates throughout the body | |
| 442335691 | plasma | colorless watery fluid of blood and lymph containing no cells and in which erythrocytes and leukocytes and platelets are suspended | |
| 442335692 | sickle-cell disease | A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele that results in the substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein; characterized by deformed red blood cells that can lead to numerous symptoms. | |
| 442335693 | leukocytes | white blood cells, or WBC, form in the bone marrow and are part of the body's nonspecific defenses and the immune system | |
| 442335694 | platelets | important for blood clot formation, they are cell fragments of large multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes) formed in the bone marrow | |
| 442335695 | erythrocytes | Red blood cells that transport oxygen | |
| 442335696 | hemoglobin | iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells | |
| 442335697 | thrombus | a stationary clot. When it has grown enough to close off a blood vessel, this dangerous event is a thrombosis | |
| 442335698 | stem cell | an undifferentiated cell whose daughter cells may differentiate into other cell types (such as blood cells) | |
| 442335699 | erythropoietin | a glycoprotein secreted by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells | |
| 442335700 | low-density lipoprotein | "bad cholesterol"; transports cholesterol from the liver to the body tissues | |
| 442335701 | high-density lipoprotein | "good cholesterol";transports cholesterol from the arteries to the liver | |
| 442335702 | atherosclerosis | condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries | |
| 442335703 | heart attack | the event in which vessels that feed the heart muscle become blocked, causing tissue death | |
| 442335704 | stroke | a sudden loss of consciousness resulting when the rupture or occlusion of a blood vessel leads to oxygen lack in the brain | |
| 442335705 | Hypertension | High Blood pressure | |
| 442335706 | partial pressure | The contribution of an individual gas to the total ppressure of a mixture of gases. Partial pressures are used to describe the amounts of the various gases carried in the bloodstream. | |
| 442335707 | countercurrent exchange | the opposite flow of adjacent fluids that maximizes transfer rates; for example, blood in the gills flows in the opposite direction in which water passes over the gills, maximizing oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide loss. | |
| 442335708 | tracheal system | A gas exchange system of branched, chitin-lined tubes that infiltrate the body and carry oxygen directly to cells in insects. | |
| 442335709 | lungs | two spongy organs, located in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for respiration | |
| 442335710 | larynx | a cartilaginous structure at the top of the trachea | |
| 442335711 | trachea | membranous tube with cartilaginous rings that conveys inhaled air from the larynx to the bronchi | |
| 442335712 | bronchi | two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs. | |
| 442335713 | alveoli | tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood | |
| 442335714 | bronchioles | progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways | |
| 442335715 | surfactant | An amphipathic molecule secreted by cells in the alveoli (type 2 alveolar cells) tha reducs surface tension on the inside of the alveolar walls. This prevents the alveoli from collapsing upon exhale and sticking together, thus reducing the effort required for inspiration. | |
| 442335716 | breathing | the bodily process of inhalation and exhalation | |
| 442335717 | positive pressure breathing | A breathing system in which air is forced into the lungs. | |
| 442335718 | negative pressure breathing | a breathing system in which air is pulled into the lungs | |
| 442335719 | diaphragm | Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing | |
| 442335720 | tidal volume | Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal breath | |
| 442335721 | vital capacity | the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation (usually tested with a spirometer) | |
| 442335722 | residual volume | The amount of air that remains in the lungs after a person exhales as forcefully as he or she can | |
| 442335723 | myoglobin | a hemoprotein that receives oxygen from hemoglobin and stores it in the tissues until needed | |
| 442335724 | Bohr shift | A lowering of the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, caused by a drop in pH; facilitates the release of oxygen from hemoglobin in the vicinity of active tissues. | |
| 442335725 | respiratory pigments | proteins that transport oxygen, greatly increase the amount of oxygen that blood can carry |
