Animal Reproduction
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| 443170355 | sexual reproduction | reproduction involving the union or fusion of a male and a female gamete | |
| 443170356 | asexual reproduction | reproduction without the fusion of gametes | |
| 443170357 | zygote | the cell resulting from the union of an ovum and a spermatozoon (including the organism that develops from that cell) | |
| 443170358 | egg | animal reproductive body consisting of an ovum or embryo together with nutritive and protective envelopes | |
| 443170359 | sperm | the male reproductive cell | |
| 443170360 | fission | reproduction of some unicellular organisms by division of the cell into two more or less equal parts | |
| 443170361 | budding | reproduction of some unicellular organisms (such as yeasts) by growth and specialization followed by the separation by constriction of a part of the parent | |
| 443170362 | Parthenogenesis | process in which an unfertilized egg develops into a new individual | |
| 443170363 | Ovulation | the expulsion of an ovum from the ovary (usually midway in the menstrual cycle) | |
| 443170364 | hermaphroditism | showing characteristics of both sexes | |
| 443170365 | fertilization | process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell | |
| 443170366 | internal fertilization | Process in which eggs are fertilized inside the female's body | |
| 443170367 | external fertilization | the process by which the female lays eggs and the male fertilizes them once they are outside of the female | |
| 443170368 | gonads | reproductive glands-male, testes; female, ovaries | |
| 443170369 | spermathecae | in some female reproductive tract, receives and stores sperm and can sometimes be the site of fertilization when oocytes are ready | |
| 443170370 | cloaca | a muscular cavity at the end of the large intestine through which digestive wastes, urine, and eggs or sperm leave the body | |
| 443170371 | follicles | clusters of cells surrounding a single egg | |
| 443170372 | corpus luteum | yellow endocrine tissue that forms in a ruptured Graafian follicle following the release of an ovum | |
| 443170373 | oocyte | a female gametocyte that develops into an ovum after two meiotic divisions | |
| 443170374 | oviduct | either of a pair of tubes conducting the egg from the ovary to the uterus | |
| 443170375 | uterus | a hollow muscular organ in the pelvic cavity of females | |
| 443170376 | endometrium | inner lining of the uterus | |
| 443170377 | cervix | the opening to the uterus | |
| 443170378 | vagina | in the human female reproductive system, a canal that leads from the uterus to the outside of the body | |
| 443170379 | vulva | external female genitalia; includes the labia, hymen, clitoris, and the vaginal orifice | |
| 443170380 | labia majora | the two outer folds of the vulva | |
| 443170381 | labia minora | the two inner folds of the vulva | |
| 443170382 | hymen | a fold of tissue that partly covers the entrance to the vagina of a virgin | |
| 443170383 | clitoris | a female sexual organ homologous to the penis | |
| 443170384 | glans | head of the penis or clitoris | |
| 443170385 | prepuce | Foreskin; fold of skin covering the tip of the penis | |
| 443170386 | mammary glands | specialized organs in mammals that produce milk to nourish the young | |
| 443170387 | testes | The male gonads, which produce sperm and secrete male sex hormones. | |
| 443170388 | seminiferous tubules | Small convoluted tubules in the testes where spermatogenesis takes place. | |
| 443170389 | Leydig cells | A cell that produces testosterone and other androgens and is located between the seminiferous tubules of the testes. | |
| 443170390 | scrotum | the external pouch that contains the testes | |
| 443170391 | epididymis | structure in the male reproductive system in which sperm fully mature and are stored | |
| 443170392 | ejaculation | the discharge of semen in males | |
| 443170393 | vas deferens | a duct that carries spermatozoa from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct | |
| 443170394 | ejaculatory duct | a part of the seminal duct formed by the duct from the seminal vesicle and the vas deferens | |
| 443170395 | urethra | duct through which urine is discharged in most mammals and which serves as the male genital duct | |
| 443170396 | semen | the thick white fluid containing spermatozoa that is ejaculated by the male genital tract | |
| 443170397 | seminal vesicles | two small glands that secrete a fluid rich in sugar that nourishes and helps sperm move | |
| 443170398 | prostate gland | a firm partly muscular chestnut sized gland in males at the neck of the urethra | |
| 443170399 | gametogenesis | the development and maturation of sex cells through meiosis | |
| 443170400 | Spermatogenesis | development of spermatozoa | |
| 443170401 | Oogenesis | development of ova | |
| 443170402 | penis | the male organ that transfers sperm to a female and that carries urine out of the body. | |
| 443170403 | spermatogonia | The diploid cells in a testis that can give rise to primary spermatocytes. | |
| 443170404 | acrosome | a process at the anterior end of a sperm cell that produces enzymes to facilitate penetration of the egg | |
| 443170405 | oogonia | the primitive stem cells that begin oogenesis. during fetal development, these undergo mitosis thousands of times until their number reaches two million or more | |
| 443170406 | primary oocytes | Diploid cells resulting from the activation of anoogoium; primary oocytes are ready to enter meiosis I. remember: cyte means ready to undergo meiosi | |
| 443170407 | secondary oocyte | A haploid cell resulting from the first meiotic division of oogenesi (not that the cytoplasmic division in this case is unequal, producing one large cell with almost all of they cytoplasm - the secondary oocyte- and one smaller cell with virtually no cytoplasm - the first polar body.). The secondary oocyte (along with some follicular cells) is released from the ovary during ovulation. | |
| 443170408 | menstruation | the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause | |
| 443170409 | menstrual cycle | cycle during which an egg develops and is released from an ovary and the uterus is prepared to receive a fertilized egg | |
| 443170410 | uterine cycle | The cycle that prepares the uterus for the growth of an embryo. | |
| 443170411 | ovarian cycle | cyclic changes that occur in the ovaries | |
| 443170412 | follicular phase | The first phase of the ovarian cycle, during which a follicle (an oocyte and its surroudning cells) enlarges and matures. This phase is under the control of FSH from the anterior pituitary, and typically lasts from day 1 to day 14 of the menstrual cycle. The follicle secretes estrogen during this time period. | |
| 443170413 | luteal phase | The third phase of the ovarian cycle, during which a corpus luteum is formed from the remnants of the follicle that has ovulated its oocyte. The corpus luteum secretes progestrone and estrogen during this time period, which typically lasts from day 15 to day 28 of the menstrual cycle. Formation of the corpul luteum is triggered by the same LH surge that triggers ovulation, however in the absence of LH (levels quickly decline after the surge) the corpus luteum begins to degenerate | |
| 443170414 | proliferative phase | The second phase of the uterine (endometrial) cycle, during which the endometrium (shed off during menstration is rebuilt). This phase of the cycle is under the control of estrogen, secreted from the follicle developing in the ovary during this time period. The proliferative phase typically lasts from day 6 to day 14 of the menstrual cycle. | |
| 443170415 | secretory phase | The third phase of the uterin (endometrial) cycle, during which the rebuilt endometrium is enhanced with glycogen and lipid stores. The secretory phase is primarily under the controll of progestone and estrogen (secreted from the copus luteum during this time period), adn typically lasts from day 15 to day 28 of the menstrual cycle. | |
| 443170416 | menstrual flow phase | the portion of the uterine cycle when menstrual bleeding occcurs | |
| 443170417 | estrous cycles | type of reproductive cycle in which thickened endometrium is reabsorbed. | |
| 443170418 | endometriosis | the presence of endometrium elsewhere than in the lining of the uterus | |
| 443170419 | ectopic | pregnancy outside the uterus | |
| 443170420 | menopause | the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines | |
| 443170421 | intracytoplasmic sperm injection | fertilization accomplished by injecting a sperm cell directly into an egg | |
| 443170422 | in vitro fertilization | the union of sperm and egg in an artificial setting, usually in a laboratory | |
| 443170423 | assisted reproductive technologies | medical techniques used to increase fertility. | |
| 443170424 | abortion | the deliberate termination of a pregnancy | |
| 443170425 | vasectomy | removal of a segment of the vas deferens to produce sterility in the male | |
| 443170426 | Tubal ligation | Surgical tying off of the fallopian tubes to prevent conception from taking place. Results in sterilization of the female. | |
| 443170427 | birth control pills | Chemical contraceptives that inhibit ovulation, retard follicular development, or alter a woman's cervical mucus to prevent sperm from entering the uterus. | |
| 443170428 | condom | contraceptive device consisting of a thin rubber or latex sheath worn over the penis during intercourse | |
| 443170429 | diaphragm | a contraceptive device consisting of a flexible dome-shaped cup made of rubber or plastic | |
| 443170430 | rhythm method | a form of birth control where intercourse is timed so that it does not occur on or around the days when the egg might be available for fertilization | |
| 443170431 | natural family planning | any of several methods of family planning that do not involve sterilization or contraceptive devices or drugs | |
| 443170432 | Contraception | birth control by the use of devices (diaphragm or intrauterine device or condom) or drugs or surgery | |
| 443170433 | lactation | the production and secretion of milk by the mammary glands | |
| 443170434 | organogenesis | process of organ formation that takes place during the first two months of prenatal development | |
| 443170435 | labor | concluding state of pregnancy | |
| 443170436 | fetus | an unborn or unhatched vertebrate in the later stages of development showing the main recognizable features of the mature animal | |
| 443170437 | placenta | the vascular structure in the uterus of most mammals providing oxygen and nutrients for and transferring wastes from the developing fetus | |
| 443170438 | trophoblast | the membrane that forms the wall of the blastocyst in early development | |
| 443170439 | inhibin | A protein hormone secreted by sustenacular cells of the testes that acts to inhibit the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary. | |
| 443170440 | orgasm | A function of the reproductive system controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. In males, organs includes emission and ejaculation; in females it is mainly a series of rhythmic contraction of the pelvic floor muscles and the uterus. | |
| 443170441 | vasocongestion | Engorgement of blood vessels. | |
| 443170442 | myotonia | delayed relaxation of a muscle after contraction | |
| 443170443 | coitus | sexual intercourse, copulation | |
| 443170444 | human chorionic gonadotropin | stimulates the corpus luteum to grow and secrete estrogen and progesterone at a higher rate; pregnancy tests work by detecting this in women's urine | |
| 443170445 | blastocyst | A fluid-filled sphere formed about 5 days after fertilization of an ovum that is made up of an outer ring of cells and inner cell mass. THis is the structure that implants in the endometrium of the uterus. |
