Plant Structure and Function
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| 753909491 | Modular | an organism that is made of many copies of a small number of units (leaves, stems, roots, flowers) | 0 | |
| 753909492 | Roots | anchor the plant in the soil; absorb minerals and water from the ground; store food | 1 | |
| 753909493 | Fibrous root system | general attribute of monocots; shallow and dense mat of roots; have a high surface area but do not store as much material as tap roots | 2 | |
| 753909494 | Taproot system | general attribute of dicots; one large vertical roots with smaller lateral roots; stores a large amount of food | 3 | |
| 753909495 | Root hairs | greatly increase surface area of roots | 4 | |
| 753909496 | Adventitious roots | specialized roots arising aboveground from stems or leaves | 5 | |
| 753909497 | Shoots | consist of stems, leaves, and flowers | 6 | |
| 753909498 | Nodes | the points at which leaves are attached to the stem | 7 | |
| 753909499 | Internodes | stem segments between leaf nodes | 8 | |
| 753909500 | Axillary bud | buds at the angle formed by each leaf and the stem; can be stimulated to form a vegetative branch | 9 | |
| 753909501 | Terminal bud | near the tip of the shoot; composed of developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes | 10 | |
| 753909502 | Apical dominance | terminal buds inhibit the growth of axillary buds, causing the plant to grow taller and increasing its exposure to light | 11 | |
| 753909503 | Stolons | runners or above-ground horizontal stems | 12 | |
| 753909504 | Rhizomes | horizontal underground stems | 13 | |
| 753909505 | Tubers | ends of rhizomes, the horizontal underground stems | 14 | |
| 753909506 | Leaves | main photosynthetic organs of most plants; consist of a flattened blade and a petiole (the stalk that attaches the leaf to a stem node) | 15 | |
| 753909507 | Bulbs | bases of leaves | 16 | |
| 753909508 | Parenchyma | lease specialized plant cell; can elongate over time, and are living when functional. Also perform most of the metabolic functions of the plant; synthesizing and storing organic products. Can repair and replace organs after injury to the plant | 17 | |
| 753909509 | Collenchyma | Help support young parts of the plant shoot; grouped into strands or cylinders, and are living when mature. Can elongate over time. | 18 | |
| 753909510 | Sclerenchyma | supporting elements of the plant, with thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin. Cannot elongate, and are dead at functional maturity. Vessel elements and tracheids in the xylem function as support and transport. | 19 | |
| 753909511 | Fibers | sclerenchyma cells; long, slender and tapered, and usually occur in groups | 20 | |
| 753909512 | Sclereids | sclerenchyma cells; shorter and more irregular than fibers; seed coats and nutshells | 21 | |
| 753909513 | Dermal tissue | "epidermis;" single layer of tightly packed parenchyma cells that cover and protect the plant. Created by the protoderm | 22 | |
| 753909514 | Vascular tissue | involved in the transport of materials between roots and shoots; created by the procambium | 23 | |
| 753909515 | Ground tissues | tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular; typically perenchyma cells involved in photosynthesis, storage, and support. Created by the ground meristem | 24 | |
| 753909516 | Pith | tissues that are internal to vascular tissue | 25 | |
| 753909517 | Xylem | conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots. Tracheids and vessel elements are the water conducting elements of xylem | 26 | |
| 753909518 | Pits | thinner regions in secondary walls where only primary walls are present | 27 | |
| 753909519 | Xylem vessels | pipe-like structures formed by vessel elements aligned end to end | 28 | |
| 753909520 | Root pressure | pushes xylem sap into the shoot system | 29 | |
| 753909521 | Guttation | exudation of water droplets that are excess; caused by root pressure | 30 | |
| 753909522 | Transpiration | provides the pull for water from the roots, and the cohesion of water due to hydrogen bonding transmit the upward pull up to the leaves | 31 | |
| 753909523 | Phloem | transports food made in mature leaves to the roots | 32 | |
| 753909524 | Translocation | process by which the phloem transports food made in mature leaves to the roots | 33 | |
| 753909525 | Sieve-tube members | tubes formed by chains of cells lined up from end to end; alive at maturity, but lack nuclei and ribosomes. | 34 | |
| 753909526 | Sieve plates | the end walls, which have pores that facilitate the flow of fluid between cells | 35 | |
| 753909527 | Companion cell | adjacent and connected to the sieve-tube member; may assist the cell in maintaining cell metabolism and function | 36 | |
| 753909528 | Sieve tubes | sieve-tube members formed into long tubes | 37 | |
| 753909529 | Phloem sap | an aqueous solution of disaccharide sucrose in water; also contains minerals, amino acids, and hormones | 38 | |
| 753909530 | Sugar source | a plant organ in which sugar is being produces by either photosynthesis or by the breakdown of starch (leaves in summer, roots in winter) | 39 | |
| 753909531 | Sugar sink | a plant organ that is a net consumer or storage point of sugar | 40 | |
| 753909532 | Meristem tissues | generate cells for new organs throughout the lifetime of a plant | 41 | |
| 753909533 | Indeterminate growth | plants increase in size as long as the plant lives | 42 | |
| 753909534 | Determinate growth | many animals cease growing after they reach a certain size | 43 | |
| 753909535 | Apical meristems | located at the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots; supply cells for the plant to grow in length | 44 | |
| 753909536 | Primary growth | product of apical meristems; elongation of the plant | 45 | |
| 753909537 | Lateral meristems | cylinders of dividing cells extending along the length of roots and shoots | 46 | |
| 753909538 | Secondary growth | product of lateral meristems; progressive thickening of roots and shoots | 47 | |
| 753909539 | Root cap | protects the meristem as the root pushes through the soil during primary growth | 48 | |
| 753909540 | Zone of Division | site of the root/shoot where mitosis is occurring | 49 | |
| 753909541 | Zone of Elongation | where immature cells elongate | 50 | |
| 753909542 | Zone of Maturation | where the cells mature and become specialized | 51 | |
| 753909543 | Protoderm | outermost primary meristem; produces the epidermis | 52 | |
| 753909544 | Procambium | produces the stele, which is the central cylinder of vascular tissure where both xylem and phloem develop | 53 | |
| 753909545 | Ground meristem | produces the ground tissues; mostly parenchyma cells that store food | 54 | |
| 753909546 | Cortex | space between the stele and the epidermis | 55 | |
| 753909547 | Endodermis | innermost layer of the cortex; a cylinder one cell thick that formes a boundary between the cortex and the stele | 56 | |
| 753909548 | Casparioan strip | a belt of suberin (waxy material that is impervious to water and dissolved materials) that acts as a last checkpoint for the selective passage of minerals from cortex to vascular tissue | 57 | |
| 753909549 | Symplastic route | route of transport through symplasts | 58 | |
| 753909550 | Apoplastic route | route of transport through the organ completely via cell walls and extracellular spaces | 59 | |
| 753909551 | Pericycle | inside and adjacent to the endodermis; can produce lateral roots | 60 | |
| 753909552 | Vascular bundles | strands of vascular tissue; strengthens the stems and roots | 61 | |
| 753909553 | Stomata | tiny pores in leaves flanked by guard cells | 62 | |
| 753909554 | Mesophyll | ground tissue of the leaf | 63 | |
| 753909555 | Columnar palisade parenchyma | found below the upper epidermis of the leaf | 64 | |
| 753909556 | Spongy parenchyma | layer of cells below the palisade parenchyma of the leaf | 65 | |
| 753909557 | Vascular cambium | acts as a meristem for the production of secondary xylem and phloem | 66 | |
| 753909558 | Wood | secondary xylem | 67 | |
| 753909559 | Annual vs Perennial | annual live for about a year; perennial may live for many years and exhibit secondary growth | 68 | |
| 753909560 | Cork cambium | acts as a meristem for cork, which accumulate at the cambium's exterior | 69 | |
| 753909561 | Periderm | cork plus cork cambium; forms a protective layer that replaces the epidermis | 70 | |
| 753909562 | Bark | refers to all tissues external to the vascular cambium, including secondary phloem, cork cambium, and cork | 71 | |
| 753909563 | Heartwood and Sapwood | Heartwood: no longer conducts water but forms a central column that supports the tree. Sapwood functions in the upward transport of xylem sap | 72 |
