The Cell Cycle
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| 725243267 | cell division | the process in reproduction and growth by which a cell divides to form daughter cells | |
| 725243268 | cell cycle | series of events in which a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells | |
| 725243269 | genome | all the DNA in one cell of an organism | |
| 725243270 | chromosome | a threadlike body in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order | |
| 725243271 | chromatin | the substance that composes eukaryotic chromosomes; it consists of specific proteins, DNA, and small amounts of RNA | |
| 725243272 | somatic cell | cell that makes up all of the body tissues and organs, except gametes | |
| 725243273 | gametes | reproductive cells, sperm cells and egg cells | |
| 725243274 | sister chromatids | Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II. | |
| 725243275 | centromere | a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape | |
| 725243276 | mitosis | part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides | |
| 725243277 | cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm during cell division | |
| 725243278 | Walther Flemming | German scientist who in 1882 developed dyes that allowed him to observe the behavior of chromosomes during mitosis and cytokinesis, | |
| 725243279 | M phase | the phase in the cell cycle where mitosis and cytokinesis occur resulting in cell division, the shortest part of cell cycle | |
| 725243280 | interphase | the period of the cell cycle during which activities such as cell growth and protein synthesis occur without visible signs of cell division - about 90% of cell cycle | |
| 725243281 | G1 phase | The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins. | |
| 725243282 | S phase | The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated. | |
| 725243283 | G2 phase | stage of interphase in which cell duplicates its cytosol and organelles | |
| 725243284 | prophase | first and longest phase of mitosis in which the genetic material inside the nucleus condenses and the chromosomes become visible | |
| 725243285 | prometaphase | The second stage of mitosis, in which discrete chromosomes consisting of identical sister chromatids appear, the nuclear envelope fragments, and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes. | |
| 725243286 | metaphase | the stage in mitosis or meiosis in which the duplicated chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate of the spindle | |
| 725243287 | anaphase | phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell | |
| 725243288 | telophase | last phase of mitosis, chromosome are in two new cells and nuclear membranes start to reform | |
| 725243289 | mitotic spindle | An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis. | |
| 725243290 | centrosome | Central microtubule organizing center of cells. In animal cells, it contains two centrioles, which are not essential for cell division. | |
| 725243291 | aster | A radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome toward the plasma membrane in an animal cell undergoing mitosis. | |
| 725243292 | kinetochore | a structure of proteins associated with specific sections of chromosomal DNA at each centromere | |
| 725243293 | metaphase plate | An imaginary plane during metaphase in which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located midway between the two poles | |
| 725243294 | separase | -This is the enzyme that breaks down cohesion so that the chromatids can separate. | |
| 725243295 | cleavage | the process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane | |
| 725243296 | cleavage furrow | The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. | |
| 725243297 | cell plate | the precursor of a new plant cell wall that forms during cell division and divides a cell into two | |
| 725243298 | binary fission | the division of a prokaryotic cell into two offspring cells | |
| 725243299 | origin of replication | Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins | |
| 726605163 | cell cycle control system | A cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle. | |
| 726605164 | checkpoint | A control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle. | |
| 726605165 | 3 major checkpoints | G1, G2, M | |
| 726605166 | G1 checkpoint | "restriction point", if a cell receives a go-ahead signal at the checkpoint, it will complete the G1,S,G2, and M phases and divide, if it does not receive a go-ahead signal at that point, it will exit the cycle, switching into the G0 phase | |
| 726605167 | G0 phase | a phase of the cell cycle in which the cell is not dividing and its DNA is not replicating | |
| 726605168 | cyclin | A cellular protein that occurs in a cyclically fluctuating concentration and that plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle. | |
| 726605169 | cyclin-dependent kinases | a kinase that in order to drive the cell cycle must be attatched to a cycln to become active | |
| 726605170 | MPF | Maturation-promoting factor (M-phase-promoting factor); a protein complex required for a cell to progress from late interphase to mitosis. The active form consists of cyclin and a protein kinase. | |
| 726605171 | growth factor | a protein that must be present in the extracellular environment for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells | |
| 726605172 | density-dependent inhibition | The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another. | |
| 726605173 | anchorage dependence | The requirement that to divide, a cell must be attached to the substratum. | |
| 726605174 | transformation | The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. | |
| 726605175 | benign tumor | A mass of abnormal cells that remains at the site of origin. | |
| 726605176 | malignant tumor | an abnormal tissue mass that can spread into neighboring tissue and to other parts of the body; a cancerous tumor | |
| 726605177 | metastasis | spread of cancer cells beyond their original site in the body |
