Molecular Basis of Inheritance
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| 8257133461 | Watson and Crick | discovered the structure of DNA as double helix in 1953 based off of the x-ray images taken by Franklin | 0 | |
| 8257133462 | DNA replication | process by which DNA is copied in a cell before a cell divides by mitosis, meiosis, or binary fission; must start from the 3' end of the parent strand working its way down to the 5' end |  | 1 |
| 8257133463 | Griffith | experimented on mice with two strands of pneumonia; found the bacteria can transform | 2 | |
| 8257133464 | transformation | (genetics) modification of a cell or bacterium by the uptake and incorporation of exogenous DNA | 3 | |
| 8257133465 | Avery (McCarthy and MacLeod) | discovered that DNA was the transforming factor not the protein; when bacteria come across forge in DNA, they pick it up and incorporate it with their own DNA | 4 | |
| 8257133468 | Hershey and Chase | blender experiment; identified DNA to be genetic material through experiments with bacteriophages | 5 | |
| 8257133469 | Chargaff's rules | developed rules based on a survey of DNA composition in organisms: 1. number of adenines = number of thymines number of cytosines = number of guanines 2. species differ in the number of relative amounts of bases | 6 | |
| 8257133470 | double helix | twisted-ladder shape of DNA, formed by two nucleotide strands twisted around each other | 7 | |
| 8257133471 | antiparallel | parallel, but running in opposite directions. The 5' end of one strand of DNA aligns with the 3' end of the other strand in a double-helix. | 8 | |
| 8257133472 | semiconservative model | the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly made strand; this is the model we use | 9 | |
| 8257133475 | origin of replication | site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides that can repeatedly be found at multiple places in the strands | 10 | |
| 8257133476 | replication fork | Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where new strands are growing | 11 | |
| 8257133477 | helicase | an enzyme that untwists the double helix at the replication forks, separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands | 12 | |
| 8257133478 | single strand binding proteins | proteins that bind to and stabilize the single strands of DNA exposed when helicase unwinds the double helix in preparation for replication | 13 | |
| 8257133479 | primer | already existing RNA chain bound to template DNA to which DNA nucleotides are added during DNA synthesis; necessary so DNA polymerase can continue and created the daughter strand | 14 | |
| 8257133480 | primase | makes the primer | 15 | |
| 8257133481 | DNA polymerase | enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of the daughter strand by the adding nucleotides to the existing chain or primer | 16 | |
| 8257133482 | leading strand | the new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction | 17 | |
| 8257133483 | lagging strand | DNA that is copied in short fragments because it's growing from the 3' end of the daughter strand; as the replication fork grows larger, primate has to continuously add new primers down in order for polymerase to fill in the gaps and make the daughter strand |  | 18 |
| 8257133484 | Okazaki fragments | short fragments of DNA that are a result of the synthesis of the lagging strand during DNA replication. | 19 | |
| 8257133485 | DNA ligase | joins all of the DNA fragments together by connecting the phosphodiester bonds and replacing all but two primers (those two primers are on the 5' ends of the daughter strand) | 20 | |
| 8257133486 | mismatch repair | enzymes remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides that have resulted from replication errors | 21 | |
| 8257133487 | nuclease | enzyme that cuts out DNA or RNA that is damaged or isn't in the correct spot | 22 | |
| 8257133488 | nucleotide excision repair | repair system that removes and then correctly replaces a damaged segment of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide: 1) nuclease cuts out the damaged DNA 2) polymerase fills in the gaps with DNA 3) ligase smooths out the bonds | 23 | |
| 8257133489 | telomeres | repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome's DNA molecule that's only purpose is to keep the important genetic information from degrading or being lost in replication | 24 | |
| 8257133490 | telomerase | enzyme that creates more telomeres to extend the 3' ends of DNA that are lost in replication | 25 | |
| 8257133491 | histone | small protein that interacts with DNA; organizes DNA by coiling the it into chromatin and chromosomes | 26 | |
| 8257133492 | nucleosome | looks like a bead wrapped with string; the bead is the bundle of histones and the string is the strand of DNA that wraps itself around the protein core twice | 27 | |
| 8257133493 | nucleoid | non-membrane-bounded region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is concentrated | 28 | |
| 8257133494 | chromatin | combination of DNA and protein molecules, in the form of long, thin fibers, making up the genetic material in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell | 29 | |
| 8257133495 | heterochromatin | eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and is generally not transcribed | 30 | |
| 8257133496 | euchromatin | true chromatin; loosely coiled form that is the site of active transcription of DNA into RNA | 31 | |
| 8257133497 | phosphodiester bonds | type of bond that holds the sugar- phosphate backbone of DNA together; strong bonds | 32 | |
| 8257133498 | hydrogen bonds | bonds that hold the two stands of DNA together; weak bonds | 33 | |
| 8364019956 | DNA helix is same size due to | purine bonding to pyrimidine | 34 | |
| 8364035029 | Eukaryotic v. prokaryotic replication | many origins of replication in eukaryotic and only one in bacterial (prokaryotic) | 35 |
