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| 8016744191 | recombinant DNA | A DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources. |  | 0 |
| 8016744192 | genetic engineering | The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes. |  | 1 |
| 8016744193 | biotechnology | The manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce useful products. |  | 2 |
| 8016744194 | plasmid | A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome; also found in some eukaryotes, such as yeast. |  | 3 |
| 8016744195 | gene cloning | The production of multiple copies of a gene. |  | 4 |
| 8016744196 | restriction enzymes | A degradative enzyme that recognizes and cuts up DNA (including that of certain phages) that is foreign to a bacterium; an important tool in biotechnology |  | 5 |
| 8016744197 | restriction sites | A specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized as a cut site by a restriction enzyme. |  | 6 |
| 8016744198 | sticky end | A single-stranded end of a double-stranded DNA restriction fragment. |  | 7 |
| 8016744199 | DNA ligase | A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of a new DNA fragment to the 5' end of a growing chain; useful in forming recombinant DNA |  | 8 |
| 8016744200 | cloning vector | An agent used to transfer DNA in genetic engineering. A plasmid that moves recombinant DNA from a test tube back into a cell is an example of a cloning vector, as is a virus that transfers recombinant DNA by infection. |  | 9 |
| 8016744203 | complementary DNA | A DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzyme reverse transcriptase. this DNA molecule therefore corresponds to a gene, but lacks the introns present in the DNA of the genome. |  | 10 |
| 8016744205 | nucleic acid probe | In DNA technology, a labeled single-stranded nucleic acid molecule used to tag a specific nucleotide sequence in a nucleic acid sample. Molecules of the probe hydrogen-bond to the complementary sequence wherever it occurs; radioactive or other labeling of the probe allows its location to be detected. |  | 11 |
| 8016744206 | nucleic acid hybridization | Base pairing between a gene and a complementary sequence on another nucleic acid molecule. |  | 12 |
| 8016744208 | electroporation | A technique to introduce recombinant DNA into cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to a solution containing cells. The electricity creates temporary holes in the cells' plasma membranes, through which DNA can enter. | 13 | |
| 8016744209 | polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers, taq polymerase molecules, and nucleotides. |  | 14 |
| 8016744210 | gel electrophoresis | The separation of nucleic acids on the basis of their size and electrical charge, due to their different rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel. |  | 15 |
| 8016744211 | restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) | Differences in DNA sequence on homologous chromosomes that result in different patterns of restriction fragment lengths (DNA segments resulting from treatment with restriction enzymes); . |  | 16 |
| 8016744212 | Southern Blotting | A hybridization technique that enables researchers to determine the presence of certain nucleotide sequences in a sample of DNA. |  | 17 |
| 8016744213 | dideoxy chain termination method | a DNA sequencing method in which target DNA is denatured and annealed to an oligonucleotide primer, which is then extended by DNA polymerase using a mixture of deoxynucleotide triphosphates (normal dNTPs) and chain-terminating dideoxynucleotide triphosphates (ddNTPs) |  | 18 |
| 8016744215 | reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) | a variant of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), is a technique commonly used in molecular biology to detect mRNA expression; useful for studying gene expression during development |  | 19 |
| 8016744216 | northern blotting | an adaptation of the Southern blot procedure used to detect specific sequences of RNA by hybridization with complementary DNA. |  | 20 |
| 8016744218 | DNA microarray assay | A method to detect and measure the expression of thousands of genes at one time. Tiny amounts of a large number of single-stranded DNA fragments representing different genes are fixed to a glass slide. These fragments, ideally representing all the genes of an organism, are tested for hybridization with various samples of cDNA molecules. |  | 21 |
| 8016744219 | in vitro mutagenesis | The creation of mutations in genes; used to knock out genes and then determine their function |  | 22 |
| 8016744220 | RNA interference | A technique to silence the expression of selected genes in nonmammalian organisms. The method uses synthetic double-stranded RNA molecules matching the sequence of a particular gene to trigger the breakdown of the gene's messenger RNA or block its translation;useful for determining gene function |  | 23 |
| 8016744221 | single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) | One base-pair variation in the genome sequence; useful as markers for diseases in the human population |  | 24 |
| 8016744222 | reverse transcriptase | An enzyme encoded by some certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis. |  | 25 |
| 8016856339 | CRISPR-cas 9 | a system used by bacteria to defend against bacteriophage infections; used in genetic engineering to target and disable genes and thereby determine their function |  | 26 |
| 8016882401 | totipotent | a cell that can give rise to all specialized cell types; in animals that includes the placenta |  | 27 |
| 8016885766 | pluripotent | embryonic stem cells from the blastocyst that can give rise to all specialized cell types but not the placenta |  | 28 |
| 8016892226 | induced pluripotent cells | iPS differentiated cells that are reprogrammed to become pluripotent that can be used to study and treat disease |  | 29 |
| 8016898364 | somatic cell nuclear transfer | used in organismal cloning; nucleus of a somatic cell replaces the nucleus of an enucleated egg |  | 30 |
| 8016906806 | epigenetic changes | methylation of DNA and histones and other types of chromatin modification that need to be reversed in reprogramming of a differentiated cell for organismal cloning to be successful |  | 31 |
