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| 8572360959 | Catastrophism | Explanation of landforms and fossil faunas by floods. | 0 | |
| 8572360960 | Uniformitarianism | Present state of earth could be explained by gradual processes of sedimentation. | 1 | |
| 8572360961 | Voyage of the H.M.S. Beagle 1831-36 |  | 2 | |
| 8572360962 | Galapagos Islands | Volcanic archipelago; Geologically young. Diversification (adaptive radiation) from mainland ancestors. | 3 | |
| 8572360963 | Darwin's Finches | 14 species found on the Galapagos. |  | 4 |
| 8572360964 | Evolution by Natural Selection | Members of a population vary in their traits. Traits are inherited from parents to offspring. More individuals are born than will survive to reproduce. Some individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce because of their heritable characteristics. Those characteristics become more common in the next generation. | 5 | |
| 8572360965 | Evolution | Evolution happens to populations, not individuals. Evolution can happen through artificial selection, natural selection, or by chance ("genetic drift"). | 6 | |
| 8572360966 | Artificial Selection | Artificial selection alters animals and plants through the same mechanism as natural selection but is directed by man. |  | 7 |
| 8572360967 | Adaptation | Change to fit the environment. Characteristics that favor (survival and) reproduction become more common. | 8 | |
| 8572360968 | Species | Species generally do not interbreed or share alleles with one another, so each is an independent entity. |  | 9 |
| 8572360969 | Darwin's Evidence | Domesticated varieties and effects of artificial selection . Fossil record. Comparative anatomy and homology. Biogeography- (including island faunas). | 10 | |
| 8572360970 | Homology | 2 things are similar because of common origin and retention of similarity. Both are copies of an original. (or copies of copies) |  | 11 |
| 8572360971 | Analogy | 2 things have different origin but have become similar. They have converged. |  | 12 |
| 8572360972 | Molecular Homologies | Sequence similarity can be quantified. (% identity) Statistical analysis can be used to reconstruct relationships. (molecular phylogeny) |  | 13 |
| 8572360973 | Biogeography | Organisms in different places evolved there over time. ie. Galapagos Finches and Australian Marsupials. | 14 | |
| 8572360974 | Microevolution | Change of allele frequency in a population over generations. | 15 | |
| 8572360975 | Macroevolotion | Origin of species and higher taxa through microevolutionary processes and other factors. | 16 | |
| 8572360976 | Hardy-Weinberg Theorem | Randomly mating populations free from evolutionary forces, allele frequencies (p and q) do not change. | 17 | |
| 8572360977 | Genotype frequencies stabilize after one generation of random mating to p squared + 2pq + q squared = 1 | 18 | ||
| 8572360978 | Calculating Allele Frequencies | By gene counting: p = f(A) = (2 X count of AA)+(count of Aa)/(2 X N) where N = total number of individuals | 19 | |
| 8572360979 | By genotype frequencies: p = f(A) = f(AA) + ½ f(Aa) | https://o.quizlet.com/KiPiEll9bTFqrtNlILl2bA_m.png | 20 | |
| 8572360980 | Factors of Microevolution | Natural or artificial | 21 | |
| 8572360981 | Directional | 22 | ||
| 8572360982 | Diversifying | 23 | ||
| 8572360983 | Stabilizing | 24 | ||
| 8572360984 | Frequency dependent | 25 | ||
| 8572360985 | Sexual | 26 | ||
| 8572360986 | Directional Selection | An extreme phenotype is favored over other phenotypes, causing the allele frequency to shift over time in the direction of that phenotype. https://o.quizlet.com/H-bKmMTp5hg9jnyP45BfyQ_m.png | 27 | |
| 8572360987 | Diversifying Selection | Extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values. The variance of the trait increases and the population is divided into two distinct groups. https://o.quizlet.com/H-bKmMTp5hg9jnyP45BfyQ_m.png | 28 | |
| 8572360988 | Stabilizing Selection | Favors the intermediate variants. It reduces phenotypic variation. https://o.quizlet.com/H-bKmMTp5hg9jnyP45BfyQ_m.png | 29 | |
| 8572360989 | Intrasexual Competition | Male-male competition for access to mates. Leads to sexual dimorphism https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5127/5379599365_4b860c547f_m.jpg | 30 | |
| 8572360990 | Intersexual Competition | Females choose between male mates. https://farm5.staticflickr.com/4014/4395063913_b8b9533bc4_m.jpg |  | 31 |
| 8572360991 | Gene Flow | Immigration or emigration of individuals to and from a population can alter allele frequencies and bring in new alleles. https://o.quizlet.com/-Pz-zrdzWMpUVy0jl.wJPw_m.png |  | 32 |
| 8572360992 | Mutation | Mutation is a source of new alleles but is unlikely to change allele frequencies because it is a rare event. | 33 |
