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| 13117265963 | peptidoglycan | A polymer composed of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides. This molecular fabric makes up the cell wall |  | 0 |
| 13117265964 | Generalized prokaryotic structure | Does not have a nuclear membrane Cell Wall maintains cell shape, protects the cell, prevents from bursting in hypotonic environments Contains: Fimbriae Sex Phili Flagella Capsul Cell Wall Circular Chromosomes |  | 1 |
| 13117265965 | Capsules (bacteria) | A dense and well-defined sticky layer of polysaccharide or protein that surrounds the cell wall of many prokaryotes. enables prokaryotes to: 1) adhere to their substrate or to other individuals in a colony, 2) protect against dehydration, or 3) inhibit immune system response |  | 2 |
| 13117265966 | Archaea cell walls | Contain polysacchardies and proteins, lacking peptidoglycan |  | 3 |
| 13117265967 | Archaea cell walls lack | peptidoglycan | 4 | |
| 13117265968 | Gram stain (Bacteria) | A technique that allows scientists to categorize many bacterial species according to differences in cell wall composition. |  | 5 |
| 13117265969 | Gram-positive (Bacteria) | These bacteria tend to have simpler walls with a relatively large amount of peptidoglycan and absorbs more Gram stain. |  | 6 |
| 13117265970 | Gram-negative | These bacteria tend to have less peptidoglycan, are more structurally complex, with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides (carbohydrates bonded to lipids) and repels Gram stain. Generally more resiliant to antibacterials and outer membrane is more toxic to humans. | | 7 |
| 13117265971 | Fimbriae | Hairlike appendages on prokaryotes that allow it to stick to substrates |  | 8 |
| 13117265972 | endospore | A resistant cell created by certain bacteria that allows it to withstand harsh conditions. |  | 9 |
| 13117265973 | (sex) pili | Appendages that pull two cells together prior to DNA transfer (conjugation) from one cell to the other; tend to be longer and less numerous than fimbriae. |  | 10 |
| 13117265974 | taxis (mobility) | A directed movement toward or away from a stimulus, from the Greek "taxis", to arrange. |  | 11 |
| 13117265975 | Prokaryote vs eukaryotic flagella | Prokaryote flagella are 1/10th the width, are not covered by extension of the plasma membrane. Are composed of different proteins. Arose independently of each other. | 12 | |
| 13117265976 | Prokaryotic Flagellum | A hairlike structure, found in prokaryotes, that propels the cell or organism through a whiplike action. Consists of a motor, hook and filament. |  | 13 |
| 13117265977 | plasmids | Smaller rings of independently replicating DNA molecules that only carry a few genes, found in prokaryotic cells, in addition to its single chromosome. |  | 14 |
| 13117266026 | Aerobic vs photosynthetic prokaryotes |  | 15 | |
| 13117265978 | Three factors of genetic diversity in prokaryotes | 1) rapid reproduction, 2) mutation, 3) genetic recombination | 16 | |
| 13117265979 | rapid reproduction and mutation | 1) Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission, and offspring cells are generally identical 2) Mutation rates during binary fission are low, but because of rapid reproduction, mutations can accumulate rapidly in a population 3) High diversity from mutations allows for rapid evolution | 17 | |
| 13117265980 | Genetic Recombination in Prokaryotes | 1) transformation, 2) transduction, 3) conjugation | 18 | |
| 13117265981 | transformation | The genotype and possibly phenotype of a prokaryotic cell are altered by the uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings. |  | 19 |
| 13117265982 | transduction | Phages carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another. |  | 20 |
| 13117265983 | conjugation | DNA is transferred between two prokaryotic cells (usually of the same species) that are temporarily joined. In bacteria, the DNA transfer is always one-way: One cell donates the DNA, and the other receives it. |  | 21 |
| 13117265984 | F+ factor | Fertility factor allows bacteria to donate portions of genome | 22 | |
| 13117265985 | R plasmid | A bacterial plasmid that carries genes for enzymes that destroy particular antibiotics, thus making the bacterium resistant to the antibiotics. | 23 | |
| 13117265986 | phototrophs, chemotrophs, autotrophs, heterotrophs | Phototrophs collect energy from light energy Chemotrophs collect energy from chemicals via oxidative reactions |  | 24 |
| 13117265987 | autotrophs | organisms that make their own food (such as photo or chemo) -- require CO2 as a carbon source | 25 | |
| 13117265988 | Heterotroph | An organism that cannot make its own food and gets food by consuming other living things. | 26 | |
| 13117265989 | Prokaryote Metabolisms include: | - obligate aerobes - obligate anaerobes - Facultative anaerobes | 27 | |
| 13117265990 | Obligate aerobes | Prokaryotes that must use oxygen for cellular respiration, and cannot grow without it. | 28 | |
| 13117265991 | Obligate anaerobes | Prokaryotes that are poisoned by oxygen, and live by fermentation or anaerobic respiration. | 29 | |
| 13117265992 | Facultative anaerobes | Prokaryotes that use oxygen if it is present but can also carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration in an anaerobic environment. | 30 | |
| 13117265993 | Nitrogen fixation | Prokaryotes can metabolize nitrogen (N2 or NH3). Converting them into amino acids and other organic molecules. Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are most self-sufficient organisms, only need CO2, N2, water and minerals to grow. | 31 | |
| 13117265994 | 5 major bacteria groups | 1. Proteobacteria 2. Chlamydias (Parasitic in animal cells) 3. Spirochetes (Helica heterotrophs) 4. Cyanobacteria (photoautotrophs that generate O2 "Blue Green Algae") 5. Gram-Positive Bacteria | 32 | |
| 13117265995 | Proteobacteria | A diverse clade of gram-negative bacteria that includes five subgroups known as alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon. | 33 | |
| 13117265996 | Proteobacteria Alpha | Closely associated with eukaryotic hosts. Mitochondria may have evolved from this. Can fix atmospheric N2 (turns into ammonia NH3). | 34 | |
| 13117265997 | Proteobacteria Delta | Can attack other bacteria, drilling into its prey by using digestive enzymes and spinning at 100 Revolutions per second. (RPS) | 35 | |
| 13117265998 | Differences between bacteria and archaea | 1. have different cellular compositions (plasma membrane and cell wall, esp.). No peptidoglycan in Archaea but peptidoglycan is present in Bacteria ("differing chemicals in membranes and walls") 2. They have different niches in which to grow. Archaea-like extreme environments 3. Archaea are thought to be the more ancient of the two | 36 | |
| 13117265999 | Major Nutritional Modes | Photoautotroph (obtain energy from light) Chemoautotroph (obtain energy from chemicals) Photoheterotroph Chemoheterotroph |  | 37 |
| 13117266000 | Metabolic cooperation | cooperation between prokaryotes allows them to use resources they could not use individually | 38 | |
| 13117266001 | Prokaryotes and Chemical Recycling | Soil bacteria: 1-100 million in one gram of soil. Break down organic matter. Some fix nitrogen. Some produce Antibiotics. | 39 | |
| 13117266002 | heterocytes | specialized cell that carries out only nitrogen fixation, |  | 40 |
| 13117266003 | metagenomics | the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples | 41 | |
| 13117266004 | Extremophiles (Archaea) | Prokaryotes that survive in extreme conditions, | 42 | |
| 13117266005 | Comparison of the three domains of life | Eukarya vs Bacteria/Archaea |  | 43 |
| 13117266006 | Extreme halophiles | Prokaryotes that live in highly saline environments, | 44 | |
| 13117266007 | Extreme thermophiles | Prokaryotes that live in very hot environments, | 45 | |
| 13117266008 | decomposers | Prokaryotes that break down dead organisms as well as waste products, thereby unlocking supplies of carbon, nitrogen, and other elements. | 46 | |
| 13117266009 | symbiosis | An ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact with each other. | 47 | |
| 13117266010 | host | The larger organism in a symbiotic relationship. | 48 | |
| 13117266011 | mutualism | An ecological interaction between two species in which both benefit. | 49 | |
| 13117266012 | Commensalism (symbiotic relationship) | An ecological interaction in which one species benefits while the other is not harmed or helped in any significant way. | 50 | |
| 13117266013 | parasitism (symbiotic relationship) | An ecological relationship in which one species harms another species. | 51 | |
| 13117266014 | parasite (symbiotic relationship) | The species that harms the other species by eating its cell contents, tissues, or body fluids of its host. | 52 | |
| 13117266015 | pathogens | Parasites that cause disease. | 53 | |
| 13117266016 | exotoxins | Proteins secreted by certain bacteria and other organisms which cause disease. | 54 | |
| 13117266017 | Endotoxins | lipopolysaccharide components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria Are relased only when th bacteria die and their cell walls break down | 55 | |
| 13117266018 | Bacteria that are photosynthetic have abundant? | Internal Membranes | 56 | |
| 13117266019 | Bacterial flagella have a very complex structure composed of 42 distinct proteins. What is the most likely explanation for the evolution of these complex structures? | Exaptation | 57 | |
| 13117266020 | exaptation | shaping of a useful feature of an organism by natural selection to perform one function and the later reshaping of it by different selection pressures to perform a new function | 58 | |
| 13117266021 | What general process allows genetic recombination among prokaryotes? | Horizontal Gene Transfers | 59 | |
| 13117266022 | Bacteria that use light for their energy source and CO2 for their carbon source are called __________. | Photoautotrophs | 60 | |
| 13117266023 | Photoautotrophs vs photoheterotrophs? | Photoautotrophs: Bacteria that use sunlight as their energy source and carbon dioxide (as part of photosynthesis) as their carbon source. These bacteria thus obtain all their nourishment through photosynthesis Photoheterotrophs: Bacteria that use sunlight as their energy source and organic compounds from the environment as their carbon source. |  | 61 |
| 13117266024 | Prokaryotes are completely indispensable to which chemical cycle? | Nitrogen | 62 | |
| 13117266027 | Ewald (TED Talk) | 63 |
