An Intruduction to Animal Diversity
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| 9714539341 | animals | multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues developed from embryonic layers | 0 | |
| 9714539342 | collagen | the most abundant structural protein that helds together the animal cells | 1 | |
| 9714539343 | cleavage | The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane; specifically, the succession of rapid cell divisions without growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote into a ball of cells. | 2 | |
| 9714539344 | blastula | The hollow ball of cells marking the end stage of cleavage during early embryonic development | 3 | |
| 9714539345 | gastrulation | developmental process in which three distinct cell layers form in an embryo: the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm | 4 | |
| 9714539346 | gastrula | a stage of embryonic development characterized by the differentiation of the cells into the ectoderm and endoderm germ layers and by the formation of the archenteron | 5 | |
| 9714539347 | larva | A free-living, sexually immature form in some animal life cycles that may differ from the adult in morphology, nutrition, and habitat. | 6 | |
| 9714539348 | metamorphosis | the marked and rapid transformation of a larva into a juvenile, which resembles the adult but is not yet sexually mature. | 7 | |
| 9714539349 | Hox genes | Series of genes that controls the differentiation of cells and tissues in an embryo | 8 | |
| 9714539350 | choanoflagellets | closest living relatives to the animalia | 9 | |
| 9714539351 | Ediacaran biota | An early group of soft-bodied, multicellular eukaryotes known from fossils that range in age from 565 million to 550 million years old. | 10 | |
| 9714539352 | Cambrian explosion | A burst of evolutionary origins when most of the major body plans of animals appeared in a relatively brief time in geologic history; recorded in the fossil record about 535 to 525 million years ago. | 11 | |
| 9714539353 | radial symmetry | body plan in which body parts repeat around the center of the body; characteristic of sea anemones and sea stars | 12 | |
| 9714539354 | bilateral symmetry | body plan in which only a single, imaginary line can divide the body into two equal halves; characteristic of worms, arthropods, and chordates | 13 | |
| 9714539355 | dorsal side | top side, back of an animal - the spine side, away from the abdomen | 14 | |
| 9714539356 | ventral side | The underside, belly, or the lower body surface | 15 | |
| 9714539357 | anterior end | the end of an animal that contains its head | 16 | |
| 9714539358 | posterior end | the end of an animal that contains its tail | 17 | |
| 9714539359 | cephalization | concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front of an animal's body (head and brain) | 18 | |
| 9714539360 | sessile | describes an organism that remains attached to a surface for its entire life - radial animals | 19 | |
| 9714539361 | planktonic | drifting passively with currents - radial animals | 20 | |
| 9714539362 | Germ layers | ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm | 21 | |
| 9714539363 | ectoderm | The outermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; gives rise to the outer covering and, in some phyla, the nervous system, inner ear, and lens of the eye | 22 | |
| 9714539364 | endoderm | The innermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; lines the archenteron and gives rise to the liver, pancreas, lungs, and the lining of the digestive tract | 23 | |
| 9714539365 | archenteron | The endoderm-lined cavity, formed during gastrulation, that develops into the digestive tract of an animal. | 24 | |
| 9714539366 | diploblastic | Term for animals with just two germ layers - the ectoderm and endoderm. Include Cnidarians and comb jellies. | 25 | |
| 9714539367 | mesoderm | the middle germ layer that develops into muscle and bone and cartilage and blood and connective tissue | 26 | |
| 9714539368 | triploblastic | Possessing three germ layers: the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Most eumetazoans are triploblastic. | 27 | |
| 9714539369 | body cavity | a fluid- or air-filled space between the digestive tract and the body wall | 28 | |
| 9714539370 | coelom | body cavity | 29 | |
| 9714539371 | coelomates | An animal that possesses a true coelom (a body cavity lined by tissue completely derived from mesoderm). - ex. earthworm | 30 | |
| 9714539372 | pseudocoelomates | An animal whose body cavity is lined by tissue derived from mesoderm and endoderm. ex. round worm | 31 | |
| 9714539373 | acoelomates | animals, such as flatworms, that do not have a body cavity | 32 | |
| 9714539374 | Protostome development | Spiral and determinate cleavage, solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom, mouth developes from blastopore. | 33 | |
| 9714539375 | Deuterostome development | Radial and indeterminate cleavage, folds of archenteron form coelom, anus develops from blastopore. | 34 | |
| 9714539376 | determinate cleavage | A type of embryonic development in protostomes that rigidly casts the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early. | 35 | |
| 9714539377 | indeterminate cleavage | A type of embryonic development in deuterostomes, in which each cell produced by early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo. | 36 | |
| 9714539378 | blastopore | in a gastrula, the opening of the archenteron that typically develops into the anus in deuterostomes and the mouth in protostomes. | 37 | |
| 9714539379 | Points of Agreement | 1. All animals share a common ancestor 2. Sponges are basal animals 3. Eumetazoa is a clade of animals with true tissues 4. Most animal phyla belong to the clade Bilateria 5. Chordates and some other phyla belong to the clade Deuterostomia | 38 | |
| 9714539380 | All animals share a common ancestor | both trees indicate that animals are monophyletic, forming a clade called Metazoa | 39 | |
| 9714539381 | Sponges are basal animals | Among the extant taxa, sponges branch from the base of both animal trees. | 40 | |
| 9714539382 | Eumetazoa is a clade of animals with true tissues | all animals except for sponges and a few other groups belong to a clade of eumetazoans(true animals). Basal eumetazoans are diploblastic and generally have radial symmetry | 41 | |
| 9714539383 | Ecdysozoans | A major lineage of protostomes (Ecdysozoam) that grow by shedding their external skeletons (molting) and expanding their bodies. Includes arthropoda (insects) and nematoda (roundworms). | 42 | |
| 9714539384 | Lophotrochozoans | One of the two groups of protostomes identified as a clade by molecular evidence. Lophotrochozoans include organisms that have lophophores or trochophore larvae. | 43 | |
| 9714539385 | lophophore | In some lophotrochozoan animals, including brachiopods, a crown of ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth and function in feeding. | 44 | |
| 9714539386 | trochophore larva | Distinctive larval stage observed in some lophotrochozoan animals, including some annelids and molluscs. | 45 | |
| 9714539387 | Cuboidal | cubed shape of epithelial cell,specialized for excretion, found in the kidney tubules and thyroid and salivary gland |  | 46 |
| 9714539388 | Columnar | tall, cylindrical shape of epithelial cell that is found in the lining of the digestive tract, secretes digestive enzymes, absorbs nutrients, and has goblet cells that secrete mucus for protection |  | 47 |
| 9714539389 | Squamous | thin, flat, irregular shape of epithelial cell that is located on the skin, lining of esophagus, and blood vessels |  | 48 |
| 9714539390 | Epithelial Tissue | covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body | 49 | |
| 9714539391 | Simple | arrangement of epithelial cell that is a single layer (example: simple squamous is in the lining of the lung) | 50 | |
| 9714539392 | Stratified | arrangement of epithelial cell that has multiple layers of cells (example: stratified squamous is in the outer layer of the throat, mouth, and skin | 51 | |
| 9714539393 | Pseudostratified | arrangement of epithelial cell that is single layered of cells of varying lengths (example: pseudo stratified ciliated columnar is located in the lining of the respiratory passages | 52 | |
| 9714539394 | Extracellular Matrix | holds cells together and protects and support plasma membrane, composed of strong fibers called collagen | 53 | |
| 9714539395 | Integrins | connecting proteins | 54 | |
| 9714539396 | connective tissues | mainly binds and support other tissues | 55 | |
| 9714539397 | collagenous fibers | provides strength and flexibility, non-elastic, made up of collagen | 56 | |
| 9714539398 | elastic fibers | stretch and snap back to their original length, made up of elastic | 57 | |
| 9714539399 | reticular fibers | join connective tissue to adjacent tissues | 58 | |
| 9714539400 | fibroblasts and macrophages | main two types of cells containing connective tissue | 59 | |
| 9714539401 | fibroblasts | secrete the proteins of the extracellular matrix | 60 | |
| 9714539402 | macrophages | type of white blood connective tissues, protect against invading pathogens, and dispose of dead cells | 61 | |
| 9714539403 | loose connective tissue | most widespread connective tissue, made up of collagenous, reticular, and elastic fiber, and olds organs in place | 62 | |
| 9714539404 | cartliage | strong and flexible support material, found in the nose, ears, airways, and sternum | 63 | |
| 9714539405 | chondrocytes | cells in cartilage found in small groups in cavities lacunae in the matrix | 64 | |
| 9714539406 | fibrous connective tissues | dense collagen fibers, form parallel bundles, and found in tendons and ligaments | 65 | |
| 9714539407 | adipose tissue | specialized type of loos connective tissue, very small nuclei, stores energy, insulation, cushioning, and protecting, and each cell contains a fat droplet that swells when fat is stored and shrinks when fat is used as fuel | 66 | |
| 9714539408 | blood | forms skeleton; it supports, movement-connection for muscles, protection of delicate organs, mineral storage, and blood cell formation(marrow) | 67 | |
| 9714539409 | osteoblasts | bone-forming cells | 68 | |
| 9714539410 | canaliculi | hairlike canals that connect the lacunae to each other and to the central canal | 69 | |
| 9714539411 | muscle tissue | divided into three types of tissues, most abundant, contract in response to nerve signals | 70 | |
| 9714539412 | skeletal muscle | responsible for voluntary movement, skeletal muscles-connect to bones (an important for organism movement) |  | 71 |
| 9714539413 | smooth muscle | involuntary, makes up walls of many internal organs |  | 72 |
| 9714539414 | cardiac muscle | found in the heart and involuntary |  | 73 |
