Biology 111 PPCC
General College Biology I
Chapter 3
molecules of life
Vocabulary: organic molecule, inorganic molecule, hydrocarbon, isomer, structural isomer, geometric isomers, enantiomers, functional groups, adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
Distinguish between inorganic and organic substances and give examples of each.
Know the valence of carbon. Recognize the bonding patterns of O, H, and N to carbon to make biological organic molecules.
Describe the hydrocarbon as the basic structure of organic molecules.
Recognize different carbon skeletons that can be formed as the basis of organic molecules (Fig 4.5)
5. Explain how functional groups make hydrophobic hydrocarbons hydrophilic.
6. Be able to draw/recognize each of the functional groups listed below. (Fig. 4.9)
State a class of biological organic molecule on which each is commonly found.
hydroxyl group
carbonyl group
carboxyl group
amino group
sulfhydryl group
phosphate group
7. Define isomer and give an example of structural isomers, geometric
isomers and enantiomers (stereoisomers).
Terms : Hide Images
| 2134558415 | Organic Chemistry | study of carbon compounds (organic compounds). | 0 | |
| 2134558416 | Hydrocarbons | an organic molecule made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. | 1 | |
| 2134558417 | Isomers | organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structure and therefore different properties. | 2 | |
| 2134558418 | Carbohydrates | Class of molecules that include sugar and polymers of sugar | 3 | |
| 2134558419 | Enantiomers | molecules that are mirror images of each other | 4 | |
| 2134558420 | Functional Groups | group of atoms directly involve in chemical reaction | 5 | |
| 2134558421 | polymers | a large molecule made by stringing together many small molecule called monomers | 6 | |
| 2134558422 | Macromolecules | Large biological molecules such as carbohydrates proteins and nucleic acids. | 7 | |
| 2134558423 | Dehydration reaction | A chemical reaction that removes a molecule of water. | 8 | |
| 2134558424 | Hydrolysis | The breakdown of polymers that occur by a process. | 9 | |
| 2134558425 | exhaust | The rapid conversion of glucose to cellular energy | 10 | |
| 2134558426 | Starch | A storage polysaccharide that consist of long strings of glucose monomers | 11 | |
| 2134558427 | glycogen | A polymer of glucose monomers | 12 | |
| 2134558428 | Cellulose | The most abundant organic compound on earth, forms cable like fibrils in the tough walls that enclose plant cells | 13 | |
| 2134558429 | Sulfhydryl Group | (—SH) a functional group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom. | 14 | |
| 2134558430 | Hydrophilic | water loving | 15 | |
| 2134558431 | Hydrophobic | Water fearing. | 16 | |
| 2134558432 | Monosaccharide | single sugar molecule | 17 | |
| 2134558433 | Dissacharide | A molecule made of two monosaccharides. or double sugar | 18 | |
| 2134558434 | Polysaccharide | a complex carbohydrates composed of three or more monosaccharides | 19 | |
| 2134558435 | atherosclerosis | sLipid condition deposits called plague build up along the inside walls of blood vessels | 20 | |
| 2134558436 | hydrogenation | Converting unsaturated fat to saturated fat | 21 | |
| 2134558437 | Lipid | organic compound that is insoluble in water (hydrophobic/non polar) | 22 | |
| 2134558438 | Saturated Fat | fat in which all three fatty acid chains contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms -- solid at room temperature | 23 | |
| 2134558439 | Unsaturated Fat | a lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms. -- liquid at room temperature | 24 | |
| 2134558440 | Building Block of: Polypeptide | amino acid | 25 | |
| 2134558441 | Building Block of: Polysaccharide | monosaccharide | 26 | |
| 2134558442 | Building Block of: Triglyceride (Fat) | glycerol + fatty acids | 27 | |
| 2134558443 | Steroids | A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached | 28 | |
| 2134558444 | Nucleotides | Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases | 29 | |
| 2134558445 | Nitrogeneous Bases | T C U = Pyramidines A G = Purines | 30 | |
| 2134558446 | Dehydration Synthesis Condensation | remove water to create bonds | 31 | |
| 2134558447 | Peptide Bonds | the bond between adjacent aminoacids | 32 | |
| 2134558448 | Types of Lipids | fat steroids waxes phospholipids | 33 | |
| 2134558449 | four levels of protein | primary, secondary, tertiary, quantenary | 34 | |
| 2134558450 | adipose cells | Cells that humans and other mammal stock their long-term food reserves (fats); also serve as cushioning and, when found in subcutaneous | 35 | |
| 2134558451 | saturated | Pertaining to fats and fatty acids whose hydrocarbon chains contain the maximum number of hydrogens | 36 | |
| 2134558452 | polypeptide bonds | A long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds | 37 | |
| 2134558453 | Denaturation | process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and hence function; can be caused by changes in pH or salt concentration or by high temperature. Also refers to the separation of the two strands of the DNA double helix, caused by similar factors. | 38 | |
| 2134558454 | Nucleic acids | Macromolecule that store information and provide the instructions for building proteins. there are two types, DNA and RDA | 39 | |
| 2134558455 | Isomer | Compounds with the same formula but in a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and properties | 40 | |
| 2134558456 | Hydrocarbon | Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen Example: Sugar | 41 | |
| 2134558457 | Enantiomers | Isomers that are mirror images of each other | 42 | |
| 2134558458 | gene | A specific stretch of DNA that programs the amino acids sequence of a polypeptide | 43 | |
| 2134558459 | What are the 7 functional groups? | Hydroxyl Carbonyl (ketone, aldehyde) Carboxyl Amino Group Sulfhydryl Phosphate Methyl | 44 | |
| 2134558460 | primary structure | he first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain. | 45 | |
| 2134558461 | secondary structure | The second level of protein structure; the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chai | 46 | |
| 2134558462 | Tertiary structure | rregular contortions of a protein molecule due to interactions of side chains involved in hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges | 47 | |
| 2134558463 | Quaternary structure | The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits | 48 | |
| 2134558464 | Sugar-phosphate backbone | The alternating chain of sugar and phosphate to which DNA and RNA nitrogenous bases are attach | 49 | |
| 2134558465 | double helix | DNA Structure | 50 |
