Matzner, Hall : Exam 4 (Final) : Digestion Terms (Campbell Biology Chapter 41)
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| 806150267 | Nutrition | The process by which food is taken in, taken apart, and taken up. | 0 | |
| 806150268 | Herbivores | Eat mainly plants and algae | 1 | |
| 806150269 | Carnivores | Eat other animals. | 2 | |
| 806150270 | Omnivores | Regularly consume animals as well as plants or algae. | 3 | |
| 806150271 | Essential nutrients | We need them, but can't produce them in our bodies. We must absorb them in "preassembled form." | 4 | |
| 806150272 | Essential Amino Acids | A class of essential nutrients that come from food [Eg. meat, eggs, dairy] and must be obtained in preassembled form. Animals can synthesize about half (10) of the required (20) ______________. | 5 | |
| 806150273 | "Complete" Proteins | Meat, eggs, dairy. [Most plant proteins are NOT _________ .] | 6 | |
| 806150274 | Essential Fatty Acids | A class of essential nutrients. Animals can synthesize most of the needed ones. Must be obtained from the diet, include unsaturated _____ _____ that have double bonds (sometimes in hydrocarbon tails). Deficiencies in this class of essential nutrient are rare. | 7 | |
| 806150275 | Vitamins | A class of essential nutrients; organic molecules required in diet in small amounts. THIRTEEN (13) are needed. There are two categories: Fat-Soluble and Water-Soluble. | 8 | |
| 806150276 | Minerals | A class of essential nutrients that are simple inorganic nutrients. Required in small amounts. Important in bone/teeth develop, water balance, maintaining homeostasis, etc. Large amounts can upset homeostatic balance. Need more: Ca, P, S, K, Cl, Na, Mg. Need only a little: Fe, F, I. | 9 | |
| 806150277 | Ingestion | The act of EATING. | 10 | |
| 806150278 | Digestion | The process of BREAKING food DOWN into molecules small enough to absorb. | 11 | |
| 806150279 | Absorption | The UPTAKE of nutrients by body cells | 12 | |
| 806150280 | Elimination | The passage of undigested material OUT of the digestive system. | 13 | |
| 806150281 | Vitamin A | Fat-Soluble. Retinol. Component of visual pigments (and maintenance of epithelial tissues). | 14 | |
| 806150282 | Vitamin B | Water-Soluble. Many types, All coenzymes. | 15 | |
| 806150283 | Vitamin C | Water-Soluble. Ascorbic Acid. Used in collagen synthesis; antioxidant | 16 | |
| 806150284 | Vitamin D | Fat-Soluble. Tocopherol. Aids in absorption and use of calcium and phosphorus. | 17 | |
| 806150285 | Vitamin E | Fat-Soluble. Phylloquinone. Important in blood clotting. | 18 | |
| 806219537 | Suspension Feeders | Sift small particles from the water. Eg: Baleen whales. | 19 | |
| 806219538 | Substrate Feeders | Animals that live ON or IN their food source. Eg: Caterpillars | 20 | |
| 806219539 | Fluid Feeders | Suck nutrient rich fluid from a living host. Eg: Mosquitoes, Leeches, Ticks, etc. | 21 | |
| 806219540 | Bulk Feeders | Eat relatively large pieces of food all at once, infrequently. Eg: Snakes, Leeches, Mosquitoes. | 22 | |
| 806219541 | Mechanical Digestion | Actual turning/churning of food | 23 | |
| 806219542 | Chemical Digestion | Adding enzymes to break food down. | 24 | |
| 806219543 | Enzymatic Hydrolysis | Water splits the bonds of food molecules. | 25 | |
| 806219544 | Intracellular Design | Food particles are engulfed by phagocytosis. Food vacuoles, containing food, fuse with lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes. | 26 | |
| 806219545 | Extracellular Design | Breakdown of food particles outside of cells. Compartments are in contact with the outside of the animal's body. Eg: mouth, stomach, GASTROVASCULAR cavity. | 27 | |
| 806219546 | Alimentary Canal | Also called a digestive tract. A continuous track, one way in, one way out. Has specialized regions. | 28 | |
| 806219547 | Peristalsis | Contraction in muscles. Pushes food along tracks. | 29 | |
| 806219548 | Sphincters | Valves that keep things from moving backwards (just like valves in veins). | 30 | |
| 806219549 | Salivary amylase | Breaks down glucose polymers with saliva. | 31 | |
| 806219550 | Bolus | Shape/form of manageable food. Tongue forms this. | 32 | |
| 806219551 | Pharynx | Throat. Junction that opens to both the esophagus and the trachea | 33 | |
| 806219552 | Esophagus | Conducts food to the pharynx down to the stomach by PERISTALSIS (contraction in muscles that pushes food along). | 34 | |
| 806219553 | HCl and Pepsin (a protease; or protein enzyme that acts on a protein) | Gastric Juice is made up of _________ and _____________. | 35 | |
| 806219554 | Chyme | Like a bolus, but in digestive tract. | 36 | |
| 806219555 | Duodenum | Part of small intestine where most digestion occurs. | 37 | |
| 806219556 | Liver | Makes bile | 38 | |
| 806219557 | Gallbladder | Stores bile | 39 | |
| 806219558 | Bile | aids in digestion and absorption of fats and destroys nonfunctional red blood cells. | 40 | |
| 806219559 | Villi and Microvilli | Absorption occurs with these guys, also used to increase surface area. | 41 | |
| 806219560 | Hepatic Portal Vein | Carries nutrient rich blood from capillaries of villi to the liver, then to heart. (Gets you from the digestive tract to blood.) | 42 | |
| 806219561 | Colon | Part of large intestine, connects to small intestine. Used to recover water, lots of homeostatic function. | 43 |
