Animal Nutrition
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| 9318602128 | essential nutrients | substances the body requires for normal growth and health but cannot manufacture in sufficient amounts: they must be obtained in the diet. | 0 | |
| 9318602129 | absorption | the process of absorbing nutrients into the body after digestion | 1 | |
| 9318602130 | Elimination | the bodily process of discharging waste matter | 2 | |
| 9318602131 | ingestion | the process of taking food into the body through the mouth (as by eating) | 3 | |
| 9318602132 | digestion | the organic process by which food is converted into substances that can be absorbed into the body | 4 | |
| 9318602133 | alimentary canal | digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus | 5 | |
| 9318602134 | peristalsis | the process of wave-like muscle contractions of the alimentary tract that moves food along | 6 | |
| 9318602135 | sphincters | ringlike valves of muscular layer of the digestive tube that close off the tube like drawstrings, regulating the passage of material between chambers of the canal | 7 | |
| 9318602136 | oral cavity | cavity that receives food for digestion | 8 | |
| 9318602137 | salivary glands | three pairs of exocrine glands in the mouth that secrete saliva; the parotid, submandibular (submaxillary), and sublingual glands | 9 | |
| 9318602138 | amylase | enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in starches | 10 | |
| 9318602139 | mucus | protective secretion of the mucous membranes | 11 | |
| 9318602140 | pharynx | throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx | 12 | |
| 9318602141 | esophagus | the passage between the pharynx and the stomach | 13 | |
| 9318602142 | bolus | A term used to describe food after it has been chewed and mixed with saliva | 14 | |
| 9318602143 | stomach | an enlarged and muscular saclike organ of the alimentary canal | 15 | |
| 9318602144 | gastric juice | digestive secretions of the stomach glands consisting chiefly of hydrochloric acid and mucin and the enzymes pepsin and rennin and lipase | 16 | |
| 9318602145 | chyme | a semiliquid mass of partially digested food that passes from the stomach through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum | 17 | |
| 9318602146 | pepsinogen | precursor of pepsin, The inactive form of pepsin that is first secreted by specialized (chief) cells located in gastric pits of the stomach. | 18 | |
| 9318602147 | protease | any enzyme that catalyzes the splitting of proteins into smaller peptide fractions and amino acids by a process known as proteolysis | 19 | |
| 9318602148 | pepsin | an enzyme produced in the stomach that splits proteins into peptones | 20 | |
| 9318602149 | small intestine | digestive organ in which most chemical digestion takes place, the longest part of the alimentary canal | 21 | |
| 9318602150 | liver | organ that makes bile to break down fats; also filters poisons and drugs out of the blood, storage function | 22 | |
| 9318602151 | gallbladder | a muscular sac attached to the liver that secretes bile and stores it until needed for digestion | 23 | |
| 9318602152 | duodenum | first part of small intestines, most digestion takes place, chemicals released from liver, gall bladder, and pancreas | 24 | |
| 9318602153 | pancreas | gland that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum, where it mixes with bile to digest food | 25 | |
| 9318602154 | bile | a substance produced by the liver that breaks up fat particles | 26 | |
| 9318602155 | villi | Tiny finger-shaped structures that cover the inner surface of the small intestine and provide a large surface area through which digested food is absorbed | 27 | |
| 9318602156 | microvilli | Tiny hair-like projections of the cytoplasmic membrane located only in the small intestine to facilitate absorption by increasing surface area. | 28 | |
| 9318602157 | hepatic portal vein | A vein connecting the capillary bed of the intestines with the capillary bed of the liver. This allows amino acids and gluocse absorbed from the intestines to be delivered first to the liver for processing before being transported throughout the circulatory system. | 29 | |
| 9318602158 | lacteal | any of the lymphatic vessels that convey chyle from the small intestine to the thoracic duct | 30 | |
| 9318602159 | colon | portions of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum; identified by direction or shape | 31 | |
| 9318602160 | cecum | the cavity in which the large intestine begins and into which the ileum opens | 32 | |
| 9318602161 | large intestine | the last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body | 33 | |
| 9318602162 | rectum | The last part of the digestive tract, through which stools are eliminated | 34 | |
| 9318602163 | feces | undigested food material and other waste products that exit the body through the anus | 35 | |
| 9318602164 | appendix | A small, fingerlike extension of the vertebrate cecum; contains a mass of white blood cells that contribute to immunity. | 36 | |
| 9318602165 | Essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, minerals | 4 classes of essential nutrients | 37 | |
| 9318602166 | Bulk, suspension/filter, substrate, fluid | 4 main feeding mechanisms of animals | 38 | |
| 9318602167 | alimentary canal, accessory glands | In mammals, the digestive system consists of the _______and various _______that secrete digestive juices through ducts into the canal. | 39 | |
| 9318602168 | 3 pairs of Salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, pancreas | 4 accessory glands in human digestive system. | 40 | |
| 9318602169 | Mucus, amylase, buffer | 3 components of saliva. | 41 | |
| 9318602170 | antimicrobial agents | Additional components of saliva include buffers, which help prevent tooth decay by neutralizing and __________ (e.g. lysozyme), protect against bacteria that enter the mouth with food. | 42 | |
| 9318602171 | pharynx, esophagus, trachea, stomach, lungs, epiglottis, larynx | The __________, or throat region, opens to two passageways: the __________ and the __________ (windpipe). The esophagus connects to the __________, whereas the trachea leads to the __________. When you swallow, a flap of cartilage called the __________ covers the glottis—the vocal cords and the opening between them. Guided by the movements of the __________, the upper part of the respiratory tract, this swallowing reflex directs each bolus into the entrance of the esophagus | 43 | |
| 9318602172 | gastric juice, chyme | The stomach secretes a digestive fluid called __________, and mixes this secretion with the food through a churning action. This mixture of ingested food and digestive juice is called __________. | 44 | |
| 9318602173 | hydrochloric acid (HCl), protease, pepsin | Two components of gastric juice carry out chemical digestion. One is _________,which disrupts the extracellular matrix that binds cells together in meat and plant material. The exposed bonds are attacked by the second component of gastric juice—a _____, or protein-digesting enzyme, called _______. Unlike most enzymes, this enzyme works best in a strongly acidic environment. By breaking peptide bonds, it cleaves proteins into smaller polypeptides | 45 | |
| 9318602174 | Parietal cells, lumen, chief cells | Further digestion to individual amino acids occurs in the small intestine. _______secrete hydrogen and chloride ions, which form HCl. Using an ATP-driven pump, these cells expel hydrogen ions into the _______. There, the hydrogen ions combine with chloride ions that diffuse into the lumen through specific membrane channels of the parietal cells. Meanwhile, _______release pepsin into the lumen in an inactive form called pepsinogen. HCl converts pepsinogen to active pepsin by clipping off a small portion of the molecule and exposing its active site. Through these processes, both HCl and pepsin form in the lumen of the stomach, not within the cells of the gastric glands. | 46 | |
| 9318602175 | gallbladder | Bile is stored and concentrated in here | 47 | |
| 9318602176 | epithelial lining, duodenum, jejunum, ileum | The _______of the duodenum is the source of several digestive enzymes. Some are secreted into the lumen of the duodenum, whereas others are bound to the surface of epithelial cells. While enzymatic hydrolysis proceeds, peristalsis moves the mixture of chyme and digestive juices along the small intestine. Most digestion is completed in the _______. The remaining regions of the small intestine, called the _______ and _______, function mainly in the absorption of nutrients and water. | 48 | |
| 9318602177 | brush border | The many side-byside microvilli give cells of the intestinal epithelium a brushlike appearance—reflected in the name _______. | 49 | |
| 9318602178 | colon, cecum, rectum | Components of the large intestine | 50 | |
| 9318602179 | lacteal | In exiting the intestine, chylomicrons are first transported from an epithelial cell into a _______, a vessel at the core of each villus. | 51 | |
| 9318602180 | diarrhea, constipation | If the lining of the colon is irritated—by a viral or bacterial infection, for instance—less water than normal may be reabsorbed, resulting in ________. The opposite problem, ________, occurs when the feces move along the colon too slowly. | 52 | |
| 9318602181 | deer, sheep, cattle | examples of ruminants | 53 | |
| 9318602182 | Ghrelin, PYY, leptin, insulin | hormones that trigger feelings of hunger and suppress appetite | 54 | |
| 9318602183 | Dipeptidase, carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase, disaccharidase, phosphatase | 5 small intestine digestive epithelium enzymes | 55 | |
| 9318602184 | gastrin, secretin, CCK (cholecystokinin) | 3 hormones that control digestion | 56 | |
| 9318602185 | enteric division, endocrine system | A branch of the nervous system called the _________, which is dedicated to the digestive organs, regulates these events as well as peristalsis in the small and large intestines. The ________also plays a critical role in controlling digestion. | 57 | |
| 9318602186 | Overnourishment | ___________, the consumption of more calories than the body needs for normal metabolism, causes obesity, the excessive accumulation of fat. | 58 |
