Osmoregulation and Excretion
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| 10484056354 | osmoregulation | method by which organisms regulate solute concentrations and balance the gain and loss of water. | 0 | |
| 10484056355 | excretion | excretion, the process that rids the body of nitrogenous metabolites and other metabolic waste products | 1 | |
| 10484056356 | osmolarity | solute concentration expressed as molarity | 2 | |
| 10484056357 | osmoconformer | an organism that allows its internal concentration of salts to change in order to match the external concentration of salts in the surrounding water | 3 | |
| 10484056358 | osmoregulator | an animal that must adjust its internal osmolarity, since its body fluids are not isoosmotic with the outside environment. | 4 | |
| 10484056359 | anhydrobiosis | the ability to survive in a dormant state when an organism's habitat dries up | 5 | |
| 10484056360 | transport epithelia | specialized cells that regulate solute movement | 6 | |
| 10484056361 | Secretory tubules | each tubule is lined by transport epithelium surrounded by capillaries and drains into central duct | 7 | |
| 10484056362 | countercurrent exchange | the opposite flow of adjacent fluids that maximizes transfer rates; for example, blood in the gills flows in the opposite direction in which water passes over the gills, maximizing oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide loss. | 8 | |
| 10484056363 | ammonia | a small, very toxic molecule (NH3) produced by nitrogen fixation or as a metabolic waste product of protein and nucleic acid metabolism. | 9 | |
| 10484056364 | urea | waste product formed in the liver, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, and excreted in urine | 10 | |
| 10484056365 | uric acid | land snails, insects, birds, and many reptiles excrete it; is 1,000 times less soluble in water than either ammonia or urea. It can be excreted in a pastelike form with very little loss of water. | 11 | |
| 10484056366 | filtrate | fluid that passes from the blood through the capillary walls of the glomeruli of the kidney | 12 | |
| 10484056367 | filtration | process by which fluid from the blood filters into Bowman's capsule in the kidneys | 13 | |
| 10484056368 | reabsorption | process in the kidney that puts useful substances (water, glucose, amino acids) back into the blood | 14 | |
| 10484056369 | secretion | adding toxins and other solutes from the body fluids to the filtrate | 15 | |
| 10484056370 | protonephridia | an excretory system, such as the flame bulb system of flatworms, consisting of a network of tubules lacking internal openings | 16 | |
| 10484056371 | Malpighian tubules | the excretory organs of insects and other terrestrial arthropods. | 17 | |
| 10484056372 | metanephridia | excretory tubes, mini kidneys, in each segment of annelids | 18 | |
| 10484056373 | kidneys | organs that filter nitrogen wastes from blood to make urine | 19 | |
| 10484056374 | urinary bladder | saclike organ in which urine is stored before being excreted | 20 | |
| 10484056375 | renal cortex | outer region of the kidney | 21 | |
| 10484056376 | renal medulla | inner portion of the kidney | 22 | |
| 10484056377 | renal pelvis | a structure shaped like a funnel in the outlet of the kidney into which urine is discharged before passing into the urethra | 23 | |
| 10484056378 | nephrons | filtering units of the kidney that remove wastes from the blood and produce urine | 24 | |
| 10484056379 | cortical nephrons | nephrons that are mostly located entirely within the cortex | 25 | |
| 10484056380 | juxtamedullary nephrons | nephrons with well-developed loops of Henle that extend deeply into the renal medulla | 26 | |
| 10484056381 | glomerulus | small network of capillaries encased in the upper end of a nephron; where the filtration of blood takes place | 27 | |
| 10484056382 | atrial natriuretic peptide | hormone secreted by the heart when there is an increase in blood flow which increases sodium excretion | 28 | |
| 10484056383 | aldosterone | "salt-retaining hormone" which promotes the retention of Na+ by the kidneys. na+ retention promotes water retention, which promotes a higher blood volume and pressure | 29 | |
| 10484056384 | angiotensin II | increases blood pressure by stimulating kidneys to reabsorb more water and by releasing aldosterone | 30 | |
| 10484056385 | juxtaglomerular apparatus | in the nephron, the complex of cells from the distal tubule and the afferent arteriole which helps regulate blood pressure by secreting renin in response to blood pressure changes in the kidney; located near the glomerulus | 31 | |
| 10484056386 | renin-angiotensinaldosterone system | a second regulatory mechanism that helps maintain homeostasis by acting on the kidney | 32 | |
| 10484056387 | antidiuretic hormone | hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland (trade name Pitressin) and also by nerve endings in the hypothalamus | 33 | |
| 10484056388 | countercurrent multiplier systems | countercurrent system in which energy is expended in active transport to facilitate exchange of materials and create concentration gradients | 34 | |
| 10484056389 | collecting duct | the location in the kidney where processed filtrate, called urine, is collected from the renal tubules | 35 | |
| 10484056390 | distal tubule | between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct; selective reabsorption and secretion occur here, most notably to regulate reabsorption of water and sodium | 36 | |
| 10484056391 | ascending limb of the loop of Henle | helps to make the interstitial fluid hypertonic relative to the filtrate. this allows water to be pulled out of filtrate through osmosis. | 37 | |
| 10484056392 | descending limb of the loop of Henle | reabsorption of water continues through channels formed by aquaporin proteins | 38 | |
| 10484056393 | aquaporin | a transport protein in the plasma membrane of a plant or animal cell that specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane (osmosis). | 39 | |
| 10484056394 | proximal tubule | first section of the renal tubule that the blood flows through; reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic nutrients | 40 | |
| 10484056395 | vasa recta | the capillaries that surround the tubules of the nephron. The vasa recta reclaims reabsorbed substances, such as water and sodium ions. | 41 | |
| 10484056396 | peritubular capillaries | The network of tiny blood vessels that surrounds the proximal and distal tubules in the kidney | 42 | |
| 10484056397 | loop of Henle | section of the nephron tubule that conserves water and minimizes the volume of urine | 43 | |
| 10484056398 | Bowman's capsule | cup-shaped structure of the nephron of a kidney which encloses the glomerulus and where filtration takes place. | 44 |
