A Tour of the Cell
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| 919391816 | light microscope (LM) | visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses | 0 | |
| 919391817 | organelles | the membrane-enclosed structures within eukaryotic cells | 1 | |
| 919391818 | electron microscope (EM) | focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface | 2 | |
| 919391819 | scanning electron microscope (SEM) | the electron beam scans the surface of the sample, usually coated with a thin film of gold useful for detailed study of the topography of a specimen | 3 | |
| 919391820 | transmission electron microscope (TEM) | used to study the internal structure of cells aims an electron beam through a very thin section of the specimen | 4 | |
| 919391821 | cell fractionation | for studying cell structure and function takes cells apart and separates major organelles and other subcellular structures from one another | 5 | |
| 919391822 | plasma membrane | cells bounded by a selective barrier | 6 | |
| 919391823 | cytoso | jellylike substance in which subcellular components are suspended | 7 | |
| 919391824 | eukaryotic cell | most of DNA is in the nucleus, bounded by a double membrane | 8 | |
| 919391825 | prokaryotic cell | the DNA is concentrated in a region that is not membrane-enclosed called the NUCLEOID | 9 | |
| 919391826 | cytoplasm | the interior of either type of cell | 10 | |
| 919391827 | plasma membrane | the boundary of every cell, functions as a selective barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell | 11 | |
| 919391828 | nucleus | contains most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell (some genes can be in mitochondria and chloroplasts) | 12 | |
| 919391829 | nuclear envelope | encloses the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasm | 13 | |
| 919391830 | nuclear lamina | nuclear side of the envelope is lined with nuclear lamina, a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope | 14 | |
| 919391831 | chromosomes | in the nucleus the DNA is organized into discrete units structures that carry genetic info | 15 | |
| 919391832 | nucleolus | a prominent structure within the nondividing nucleus, which appears through the electron microscope as a mass of densely strained granules and fivers adjoining part of the chromatin | 16 | |
| 919391833 | ribosomes | complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protein, are the cellular components that carry out protein synthesis | 17 | |
| 919391834 | endomembrane system | part of eukaryotic cell; includes the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi, lysosomes, and various kinds of vesicles and vacuoles, and the plasma membrane | 18 | |
| 919391835 | vesicles | sacs made of membrane membrane of this system are related either through direct physical continuity or by the transfer of membrane segments as tiny vesicles | 19 | |
| 919391836 | endoplasmic reticulum | extensive network of membranes that it accounts for more than half the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells contains cisternae (reservoir for a liquid) contains lumen (or cisternal space) | 20 | |
| 919391837 | cisternae | reservoir for a liquid | 21 | |
| 919391838 | smooth ER | outer surface lacks ribosomes | 22 | |
| 919391839 | rough ER | studded with ribosomes | 23 | |
| 919391840 | glycoproteins | proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them | 24 | |
| 919391841 | transport vesicles | vesicles in transit from one part of the cell or another | 25 | |
| 919391842 | golgi apparatus | warehouse for receiving, sorting, shipping, and even some manufacturing | 26 | |
| 919391843 | lysome | is a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cells uses to digest (hydrolyze) macromolecules | 27 | |
| 919391844 | phagocytosis | amoebas and many other protists eat by engulfing smaller organisms or food particles | 28 | |
| 919391845 | food vacuole | the vacuole formed in this way then fuses with lysosome whose enzymes digest the food | 29 | |
| 919391846 | vacuoles | large vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus | 30 | |
| 919391847 | food vacuoles | formed by phagocytosis | 31 | |
| 919391848 | contractile vacuoles | many freshwater protists have this, that pump excess water out of the cell, thereby maintaining a suitable concentration of ions and molecules inside the cell | 32 | |
| 919391849 | central vacuole | mature plant cells generally contain this, which develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles | 33 | |
| 919391850 | mitochondria | are the sites of cellular respiration the metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels | 34 | |
| 919391851 | chloroplasts | found in plants and algae, are the sites of photosynthesis | 35 | |
| 919391852 | endosymbiont theory | mitochondria and chloroplasts display similarities and bacteria. THIS THEORY states that an early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen-using nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic cell | 36 | |
| 919391853 | cristae | the outer membrane is smooth, but the inner membrane is convoluted, with infoldings | 37 | |
| 919391854 | mitochondrial matrix | enclosed by inner membranes; the first is the intermembrane space, the narrow region between the inner and other membranes the second compartment is the MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX | 38 | |
| 919391855 | thylakoids | inside the chloroplast is another membranous system in the form of flattened, interconnected sacs | 39 | |
| 919391856 | granum | in some regions thylakoids are stacked like poker chips; each stack is called | 40 | |
| 919391857 | stroma | the fluid outside the thylakoids , which contains the chloroplast DNA and ribosomes as well as many enzymes | 41 | |
| 919391858 | plastids | the chloroplast is a specialized member of a family of closely related plant organelles | 42 | |
| 919391859 | peroxisome | specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane | 43 | |
| 919391860 | cytoskeleton | a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm | 44 | |
| 919391861 | motor proteins | cell motility generally requires the interaction of the cytoskeleton | 45 | |
| 919391862 | microtubules | hollow rods measuring about 25nm in diameter and from 200 nm to 25 um | 46 | |
| 919391863 | centrosome | a region that is located near the nucleus and is considered "microtubule-organizing center" | 47 | |
| 919391864 | centrioles | a pair; each composed of nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring | 48 | |
| 919391865 | flagella | eukaryotes; specialized arrangement of microtubules is responsible for the beating of flagella and cilia locomotion | 49 | |
| 919391866 | cilia | hairlike structures | 50 | |
| 919391867 | basal body | microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum is anchored in a cell by this | 51 | |
| 919391868 | dyneins | each outer doublet also has pairs of protruding proteins spaced along its length and reaching toward the neighboring doublet; these are large motor proteins | 52 | |
| 919391869 | microfilaments | are sold rods about 7nm in diameter | 53 | |
| 919391870 | actin | a globular protein | 54 | |
| 919391871 | cortex | the network gives the outer cytoplasmic layer of a cell, the semisolid consistency of a gel, in contrast with the more fluid (sol) state of the interior cytoplasm | 55 | |
| 919391872 | myosin | thousands of actin filaments are arranged parallel to one another along the length of a muscle cell, interdigitated with thicker filaments made of a protein | 56 | |
| 919391873 | pseudopodia | a cell such as an amoeba crawls along a surface by extending cellular extensions | 57 | |
| 919391874 | cytoplasmic streaming | a circular flow of cytoplasm within cells, especially common in large plant cells, speeds the distribution of material within the cell | 58 | |
| 919391875 | intermediate filaments | name for their diameter is larger than the diameter of microfilaments but smaller than that of microtubules | 59 | |
| 919391876 | cell wall | extracellular structure of plant cells that distinguishes them from animal cells | 60 | |
| 919391877 | primary cell wall | a young plant cell first secretes a relatively thin and flexible wall | 61 | |
| 919391878 | middle lamella | between primary walls of adjacent cells; a thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins | 62 | |
| 919391879 | secondary cell wall | between the plasma membrane and the primary wall; often deposited in several laminated layers, has a strong and durable matrix that affords the cell protection and support | 63 | |
| 919391880 | collagen | the most abundant glycoprotein the ECM of most animal cells, which forms strong fibers outside the cell | 64 | |
| 919391881 | extracellular matrix (EMC) | main ingredients of the ECM are glycoproteins and other carbohydrate-containing molecules secreted by the cell | 65 | |
| 919391882 | proteoglycans | collagen fibers are embedded in a network woven out of this that is secreted by cells | 66 | |
| 919391883 | fibronectic | some cells are attached to the ECM by ECM glycoproteins such as these | 67 | |
| 919391884 | integrins | fibronectic and other ECM proteins bind to cell syrface receptor proteins called ____ that are built into the plasma membrane | 68 | |
| 919391885 | pasmodesmata | cell walls are perforated with ____ membrane lined channels tfilled with cytoplasm | 69 |
