A Tour of the Cell
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| 5257446702 | light microscopy | magnification of cellular structures up to 1000 X | 0 | |
| 5257446703 | scanning electron microscopy (SEM) | image of 3D surface coated with heavy metal like gold (100,000 X) | 1 | |
| 5257446704 | transmission electron microscopy (TEM) | image of ultra thin slice to view intracellular components (500,000 x) | 2 | |
| 5257446705 | cell fractionation | technique that breaks cells and separates their components | 3 | |
| 5257446706 | cytosol | aqueous part of cytoplasm within which particles and organelles are suspended |  | 4 |
| 5257446707 | nucleoid | densly staining DNA region in a prokaryotic cell |  | 5 |
| 5257446708 | chromatin | uncondensed DNA wrapped around histones (used during transcription) | 6 | |
| 5257446709 | chromosome | condensed chromatin (used during cell division) |  | 7 |
| 5257446710 | nucleus | organelle that contains DNA and controls processes of cell |  | 8 |
| 5257446711 | nucleolus | organelle where ribosomes are synthesized and partially assembled (within nucleus) |  | 9 |
| 5257446712 | nuclear envelope | perforated double membrane that controls flow of materials (around nucleus) |  | 10 |
| 5257446713 | ribosomes | organelles made of protein and rRNA that direct protein synthesis (in cytoplasm or tethered to rough ER) |  | 11 |
| 5257446714 | nuclear lamina | netlike array of intermediate filaments that maintains shape of nucleus | 12 | |
| 5257446715 | endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | internal membrane system in which components of cell membrane and some proteins are constructed | 13 | |
| 5257446716 | rough ER | organelle continuoues with nuclear membrane, to which ribosomes are tethered and proteins are synthesized for export |  | 14 |
| 5257446717 | smooth ER | organelle where lipids are synthesized |  | 15 |
| 5257446718 | vesicles | small sacs surrounded by phospholipid bilayer that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell |  | 16 |
| 5257446719 | golgi apparatus | stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport |  | 17 |
| 5257446720 | lysosome | organelle filled with enzymes that break down chemicals |  | 18 |
| 5257446721 | phagocytosis | when extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf LARGE food particles |  | 19 |
| 5257446722 | contractile vacuole | saclike organelles that expand to collect excess water and contract to squeeze it out of cell |  | 20 |
| 5257446723 | central vacuole | membranous sac in plant cells with roles in reproduction, growth, and storage |  | 21 |
| 5257446724 | mitochondria | organelle in all eukaryotic cells where chemical energy in glucose and fats is transformed into ATP (cellular respiration SITE) |  | 22 |
| 5257446725 | chloroplast | organelle in plants where sunlight energy is used to synthesize glucose (photosynthesis SITE) |  | 23 |
| 5257446726 | endosymbiont theory | states that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cell | 24 | |
| 5257446727 | mitochondrial matrix | (D) internal compartment of mitochondria (Krebs cycle SITE) |  | 25 |
| 5257446728 | cristae | (E) inner membrane infoldinfgs of mitochondria that increase surface area (Electron Transport Chain and ATP synthase SITE) | | 26 |
| 5257446729 | thylakoids | (C) flattened membrane sacs in chloroplast (Light Reactions SITE) |  | 27 |
| 5257446730 | grana | (B) stacked thylakoid membranes in chloroplast | | 28 |
| 5257446731 | stroma | (A) innermost compartment of chloroplast (Calvin cycle SITE) | | 29 |
| 5257446732 | plastids | plant organelles surrounded by double membrane with their own DNA, that make and store food and pigments | 30 | |
| 5257446733 | peroxisomes | animal orgnalles that contain enzymes that detoxify alcohols, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals |  | 31 |
| 5257446734 | cytoskeleton | microscopic network of protein fibers within cytoplasm that gives shape to cell |  | 32 |
| 5257446735 | microtubules | (bottom) thickest, hollow tubes of tubulin proteins that make up cilia, flagella, and mitotic spindle and help move organelles around cell |  | 33 |
| 5257446736 | microfilaments | (top) thinnest, intertwined fibers of actin proteins that allow cytoplasmic streaming, ameboid movement and keep cell extensions rigid (microvilli, axons) | | 34 |
| 5257446737 | intermediate filaments | (middle) medium, coiled fibers of keratin that help maintain cell shape, stabilize positions of organelles | | 35 |
| 5257446738 | keratin | protein found in epidermis, hair, and nails | 36 | |
| 5257446739 | centrioles | organelles in animal cells from which mitotic spindle forms during cell division (resemble basal bodies) |  | 37 |
| 5257446740 | mitotic spindle | microtubules that attach to centromeres through kinetochore proteins of chromosomes and pull sister chromatids apart during cell divisions |  | 38 |
| 5257446741 | cilia | (A) short, many extensions of membrane-covered microtubules that move cell or materials past cell (ex. paramecium, trachea) |  | 39 |
| 5257446742 | flagella | (E) long, few, whiplike tails of membrane-covered microtubules that move cells | | 40 |
| 5257446743 | 9+2 structure | cylinder of 9 microtubule doublets around a 1 doublet (make up cilia, flagella, mitotic spindle) |  | 41 |
| 5257446744 | basal body | star of 9 microtubules triplets that anchors cilia and flagella in membrane (resembles centrioles) |  | 42 |
| 5257446745 | dyneins | proteins that connect microtubules in the 9+2 structure AND attach organelles to microtubules; when they contract, flagella/cilia move AND organelles "walk" |  | 43 |
| 5257446746 | cytoplasmic streaming | circular flow of cytosol using myosin and actin filaments that speeds up distribution of materials within cells | 44 | |
| 5257446747 | cell wall | strong supporting layer of cellulose, chitin, or peptidoglycans around cell membrane in plants, fungi, or bacteria |  | 45 |
| 5257446748 | middle lamina | (A) thin layer of adhesive extracellular material (pectins) between primary walls of adjacent young plant cells |  | 46 |
| 5257446749 | primary cell wall | (B) thin, flexible and furthest out because it is secreted first | | 47 |
| 5257446750 | secondary cell wall | (C) strong, durable matrix added between plasma membrane and outermost structure for structure and support | | 48 |
| 5257446751 | extracellular matrix (ECM) | substance in which animal cells are embedded, consisting of proteins and polysaccharides |  | 49 |
| 5257446752 | peptido/proteo-glycans | small core proteins with EXTENSIVE carbohydrate chains found in bacterial cell walls and animal ECM |  | 50 |
| 5257446753 | glycoproteins | transmembrane proteins with SHORT carbohydrate chains that identify the cell |  | 51 |
| 5257446754 | fibronectin | a glycoprotein that helps cells attach to extracellular matrix | 52 | |
| 5257446755 | integrins | transmembrane proteins that connect both to outside extracellular matrix and inside cytoskeleton of animal cells. |  | 53 |
| 5257446756 | plasmodesmata | (2) openings in plant cell walls through which strands of ER and cytosol connect adjacent cells |  | 54 |
| 5257446757 | gap junctions | (C) cytoplasmic channels between adjacent animal cells that allow movement of materials |  | 55 |
| 5257446758 | tight junctions | (A) membrane fusions of neighboring cells that prevent leakage of fluid between them | | 56 |
| 5257446759 | desmosomes | (B) anchoring junctions that prevents cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart | | 57 |
| 5257446760 | microvilli | finger-like extensions of cells that increase surface area to increase absorption (ex. small intestine) |  | 58 |
| 5257446761 | prokaryote | unicellular organism without nucleus and membrane bound organelles (archea and bacteria) |  | 59 |
| 5257446762 | eukaryote | cells with nucleus and membrane bound organelles |  | 60 |
| 5257446763 | psuedopodia | temporary projections of eukaryotic cell membranes or unicellular protists in direction of movement |  | 61 |
| 5257446764 | collagen | fibrous protein found in connective tissues and ECM | 62 |
