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| 4358701401 | Briefly describe three functions of cell division. | 1. Mitosis - When cells divide, parent cell turns into two identical to parent diploid daughter cells 2. Miosis - A single gamete divides into four haploid daughter cells. 3. Binary fission - Asexual reproduction occurring in prokaryotes, where parent cell turns into two identical daughter cells | 0 | |
| 4358727370 | Compare and contrast cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. | In prokaryotes, they preform binary fission, where they basically duplicate their DNA and shuffle it to different poles, elongate and then the plasma membrane grows inward, dividing the cell in half In eukaryotes, DNA is also duplicated but then wrapped neatly into chromosomes. The nucleus breaks up, a mitotic spindle forms and pulls chromosomes (which have aligned at the equator) apart, and a cleavage furrow forms, separating the the cell into two. | 1 | |
| 4358761475 | Define and recognize examples of the following terms: chromatin, sister chromatids, centromere, replicated chromosome, unreplicated chromosome. | Chromatin - One long DNA molecule that exists before chromosomes and cell division. Sister chromatids - When a chromosome duplicates, it exists as a pair of sister chromatids Centromere - The center or "waistline" of sister chromatids Replicated chromosome vs Unreplicated - Replicated chromosomes exist as a single sister chromatid. And Replicated would be the sister chromatids joined together | 2 | |
| 4358791301 | Name the two main biochemicals that comprise chromosomes and state the function of each. | DNA (genes) wraps around proteins called histones (holds together chromosome) | 3 | |
| 4358807496 | Describe the stages of the eukaryotic cell cycle. | INTERPHASE - Cell spends 90% of it's life here. Comprised of three sub phases: 1. G1 (First gap) - The cell grows in preparation for DNA Synthesis 2. S (DNA Synthesis) - Chromatin duplicates 3. G2 (Second gap) - Cell grows more in preparation for cell division. By the end, cell has doubled in size, and now contains two centrosomes. PROPHASE - Chromatin fibers coil into sister chromatids, and microtubules begin to form from centrosomes creating the mitotic spindle PROMETAPHASE - Nuclear envelope breaks up and microtubules attach to chromosomes, starting to move them to center of cell METAPHASE - Mitotic spindle is fully formed, and chromosomes are lined up in the equator ANAPHASE - Chromosomes are pulled apart by microtubules to opposite poles of the cell, cell starts to elongate TELOPHASE & CYTOKINESIS - Mitotic spindle starts to dwindle, new nuclei start to form and cleavage furrow starts to form. Cytokinesis marks the official pinching of the cell into two. | 4 | |
| 4358878326 | Compare and contrast the process of mitosis in typical animal and plant cells. | The difference between mitosis in plant and animal cells is that in plant cells a cell wall forms in the middle, instead of the cleavage furrow pinching in animal cells. | 5 | |
| 4358886109 | Describe a model of the mechanism that cell controls division. | Growth factors, anchorage dependance, and density-dependent inhibition will tell the cell to continue or stop at Cell Cycle checkpoints. | 6 | |
| 4358891493 | Define and recognize examples of (where appropriate) the following terms: homologous chromosomes, haploid, diploid, tetrad, crossing over, nonsister chromatids, independent assortment, gamete, egg/ovum, sperm, spore, and zygote. | Homologous chromosomes - Are matching sister chromatids, one from each parent Haploid - A cell with a single chromosome set Diploid - A cell with a pair of homologous chromosomes Tetrad - A pair of homologous chromosomes that have joined together Crossing over - When a tetrad is formed, areas of chromosomes may switch places with other areas chromosomes Non-sister chromatid - either of the two chromatids that were once sister chromatids Independent assortment - Results in genetic diversity, is when genes independently separate from one another during gamete reproduction. Gamete - Reproductive organs Spore - How certain funguses reproduce, spores are their sperm they release into the air. Zygote - a fertilized egg. | 7 | |
| 4358961534 | Describe the purpose of meiosis and outline its stages. Include the first meiotic division-meiosis I (prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I) and the second meiotic division-meiosis II (prophase I, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II). | MEIOSIS I (Basically the same with mitosis): Prophase I - Homologous chromosomes form tetrads Metaphase I - Tetrads line up Ana and Telophase I - Homologous chromosomes separate during Anaphase and sister chromatids remain attached. Result: Two diploid daughter cells MEIOSIS II: Same thing as Meiosis I but result of each dividing daughter cells is now four haploid daughter cells | 8 | |
| 4358977886 | Describe two events in meiosis that produce variability between gametes/spores produced by an individual. | Crossing over and where the tetrads line up. | 9 |
