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| 7809509630 | chemical energy | Energy available in molecules for release in a chemical reaction; a form of potential energy. | 0 | |
| 7809509631 | Coenzyme | An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in metabolic reactions. | 1 | |
| 7809509632 | ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells. | 2 | |
| 7809509633 | Catabolic pathway | A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler molecules. | 3 | |
| 7809509634 | Endergonic reaction | A nonspontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings. | 4 | |
| 7809509635 | Feedback inhibition | A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway. | 5 | |
| 7809509636 | Cofactor | Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. Cofactors can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely and reversibly, along with the substrate, during catalysis. | 6 | |
| 7809509637 | Energy | The capacity to cause change, especially to do work (to move matter against an opposing force). | 7 | |
| 7809509638 | Catalysis | A process by which a chemical agent called a catalyst selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. | 8 | |
| 7809509639 | Spontaneous process | A process that occurs without an overall input of energy; a process that is energetically favorable. | 9 | |
| 7809509640 | Activation energy | The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; also called free energy of activation. | 10 | |
| 7809509641 | Enzyme | A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most enzymes are proteins. | 11 | |
| 7809509642 | First law of thermodynamics | The principle of conservation of energy: Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. | 12 | |
| 7809509643 | Allosteric regulation | The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site. | 13 | |
| 7809509644 | Kinetic energy | The energy associated with the relative motion of objects. Moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter. | 14 | |
| 7809509645 | Anabolic pathway | A metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler molecules. | 15 | |
| 7809509646 | Entropy | A measure of disorder, or randomness. | 16 | |
| 7809509647 | Metabolism | The totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism. | 17 | |
| 7809509648 | Cooperativity | A kind of allosteric regulation whereby a shape change in one subunit of a protein caused by substrate binding is transmitted to all the other subunits, facilitating binding of additional substrate molecules to those subunits. | 18 | |
| 7809509649 | Competitive inhibitor | A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate, whose structure it mimics. | 19 | |
| 7809509650 | Thermodynamics | The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter. See also first law of thermodynamics; second law of thermodynamics. | 20 | |
| 7809509651 | Second law of thermodynamics | The principle stating that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Usable forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat. | 21 | |
| 7809509652 | Bioenergetics | (1) The overall flow and transformation of energy in an organism. (2) The study of how energy flows through organisms. | 22 | |
| 7809509653 | Energy coupling | In cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction. | 23 | |
| 7809509654 | Phosphorylated intermediate | A molecule (often a reactant) with a phosphate group covalently bound to it, making it more reactive (less stable) than the unphosphorylated molecule. | 24 | |
| 7809509655 | Metabolic pathway | A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule to simpler molecules (catabolic pathway). | 25 | |
| 7809509656 | Catalyst | A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. | 26 | |
| 7809509657 | Noncompetitive inhibitor | A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing the enzyme's shape so that the active site no longer effectively catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product. | 27 | |
| 7809509658 | Substrate | The reactant on which an enzyme works. | 28 | |
| 7809509659 | Potential energy | The energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement (structure). | 29 | |
| 7809509660 | Free energy | The portion of a biological system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system. The change in free energy of a system (ΔG) is Gfinal state - Ginitial state. It can be calculated by the equation ΔG = ΔH - TΔS, where ΔH is the change in enthalpy (in biological systems, equivalent to total energy), T is the absolute temperature, and ΔS is the change in entropy. | 30 | |
| 7809509661 | Heat | Thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another. | 31 | |
| 7809509662 | Exergonic reaction | A spontaneous chemical reaction, in which there is a net release of free energy. | 32 | |
| 7809509663 | Enzyme-substrate complex | A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s). | 33 | |
| 7809509664 | Thermal energy | Kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms and molecules; energy in its most random form. See also heat. | 34 | |
| 7809509665 | Active site | The specific region of an enzyme that binds the substrate and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs. | 35 | |
| 7809509666 | Induced fit | Caused by entry of the substrate, the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate. | 36 |
