Cell Communication
Vocabulary: signal transduction pathway, quorum sensing, hormones, protein kinase, protein phosphatase, G proteins, cyclic AMP, first messengers, second messengers, signal amplification, apoptosis, paracrine signaling, synaptic signaling, hormonal signaling
1. Know the three stages of Cell Signaling:
a. Reception - receptors in the plasma membrane, intracellular receptors
b. Transduction - signal transduction pathways, phosphorylation and dephosporylation, second messengers
c. Response - nuclear and cytoplasmic responses; protein synthesis, ion channels, cell shape
2. Describe the relationship between signal molecules and cell surface receptors, and give examples of each.
3. Describe G-protein-linked receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases, and explain the role of each in receiving chemical signals and initiating signal transduction pathways.
4. Describe a signal transduction pathway and explain how this multi-step process can amplify the signal and lead to a cellular response.
5. Understand that different kinds of cells have different collections of proteins (p.221) and how this affects the response of a particular cell to a specific signaling molecule.
6. Define apoptosis and describe its importance and function(s) in an organism.
Terms : Hide Images
| 1799385926 | adenylyl cyclase | An enzyme that converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to a signal. | 0 | |
| 1799385927 | amplification | The strengthening of stimulus energy during transduction. | 1 | |
| 1799385928 | apoptosis | A program of controlled cell suicide, which is brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of suicide proteins in the cell destined to die. | 2 | |
| 1799385929 | cyclic AMP (cAMP); (Cyclic adenosine monophosphate) | a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells. It is also a regulator of some bacterial operons. | 3 | |
| 1799385930 | cytoplasm | The contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus and bounded by the plasma membrane. | 4 | |
| 1799385931 | diacylglycerol (DAG) | A second messenger produced by the cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane. | 5 | |
| 1799385932 | epinephrine | A catecholamine that, when secreted as a hormone by the adrenal medulla, mediates "fight-or-flight" responses to short-term stresses; also released by some neurons as a neurotransmitter; also known as adrenaline. | 6 | |
| 1799385933 | G protein | A GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G protein-coupled receptor, to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell. | 7 | |
| 1799385934 | gap junction | A type of intercellular junction in animals that allows the passage of materials between cells. | 8 | |
| 1799385935 | glycogen | An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch. | 9 | |
| 1799385936 | growth factor | (1) A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells. (2) A local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation. | 10 | |
| 1799385937 | inositol trisphosphate (IP3) | A second messenger that functions as an intermediate between certain nonsteroid hormones and a third messenger, a rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration. | 11 | |
| 1799385938 | ligand | A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one. | 12 | |
| 1799385939 | ligand-gated ion channel | A protein pore in cellular membranes that opens or closes in response to A signaling chemical (its ligand), allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions. | 13 | |
| 1799385940 | local regulator | A secreted molecule that influences cells near where it is secreted. | 14 | |
| 1799385941 | nitric oxide (NO) | A gas produced by many types of cells that functions as a local regulator and as a neurotransmitter. | 15 | |
| 1799385942 | protein kinase | An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, thus phosphorylating the protein. | 16 | |
| 1799385943 | protein phosphatase | An enzyme that removes phosphate groups from (dephosphorylates) proteins, often functioning to reverse the effect of a protein kinase. | 17 | |
| 1799385944 | receptor tyrosine kinase | A receptor protein in the plasma membrane, the cytoplasmic (intracellular) part of which can catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a tyrosine on another protein. Receptor tyrosine kinases often respond to the binding of a signaling molecule by dimerizing and then phosphorylating a tyrosine on the cytoplasmic portion of the other receptor in the dimer. The phosphorylated tyrosines on the receptors then activate other signal transduction proteins within the cell. | 18 | |
| 1799385945 | scaffolding protein | A type of large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached, increasing the efficiency of signal transduction. | 19 | |
| 1799385946 | second messenger | A small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion, such as a calcium ion (Ca2+) or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signaling molecule bound by a signal receptor protein. | 20 | |
| 1799385947 | signal transduction | The linkage of a mechanical, chemical, or electromagnetic stimulus to a specific cellular response. | 21 | |
| 1799385948 | signal transduction pathway | A series of steps linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response. | 22 | |
| 1799385949 | testosterone | A steroid hormone required for development of the male reproductive system, spermatogenesis, and male secondary sex characteristics; the major androgen in mammals. | 23 | |
| 1799385950 | transcription factor | A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes. | 24 | |
| 1799385951 | transduction | (1) A type of horizontal gene transfer in which phages (viruses) carry bacterial DNA from one host cell to another. (2) In cellular communication, the conversion of a signal from outside the cell to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response. | 25 | |
| 1799385952 | yeast | Single-celled fungus that reproduces asexually by binary fission or by the pinching of small buds off a parent cell; some species exhibit cell fusion between different mating types. | 26 | |
| 1799385953 | Concept 11.1: External signals are converted to responses within the cell | ... | 27 | |
| 1799385954 | Concept 11.2: Reception: A signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape | ... | 28 | |
| 1799385955 | Concept 11.3: Transduction: Cascades of molecular interactions relay signals from receptors to target molecules in the cell | ... | 29 | |
| 1799385956 | Concept 11.4: Response: Cell signaling leads to regulation of transcription or cytoplasmic activities | ... | 30 | |
| 1799385957 | Concept 11.5: Apoptosis integrates multiple cell-signaling pathways | ... | 31 | |
| 1799385958 | Describe the three stages of Cell Signaling: a.Reception - receptors in the plasma membrane, intracellular receptors b.Transduction - signal transduction pathways, phosphorylation and dephosporylation, second messengers c.Response - nuclear and cytoplasmic responses; protein synthesis, ion channels, cell shape | ... | 32 | |
| 1799385959 | Describe the relationship between signal molecules and cell surface receptors, and give examples of each. | ... | 33 | |
| 1799385960 | 3. Describe G-protein-linked receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases, and explain the role of each in receiving chemical signals and initiating signal transduction pathways. | ... | 34 | |
| 1799385961 | 4. Describe a signal transduction pathway and explain how this multi-step process can amplify the signal and lead to a cellular response. | ... | 35 | |
| 1799385962 | 5. Understand that different kinds of cells have different collections of proteins (p.221) and how this affects the response of a particular cell to a specific signaling molecule. | ... | 36 | |
| 1799385963 | 6. Define apoptosis and describe its importance and function(s) in an organism. | ... | 37 |
