AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter 3: Water and Life Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
507980137polar covalent bonda covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive
507980138polar moleculea molecule (such as water) with an uneven distribution of charges in different regions of the molecule
507980139cohesionthe linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds
507980140adhesioncling of one substance to another, such as water to plant cell walls by means of hydrogen bonds
507980141surface tensiona measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules
507980142kinetic energythe energy associated with the relative motion of objects. Moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter.
507980143heatthe total amount of kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms or molecules in a body of matter; also called thermal energy. Heat is energy in its most random form.
507980144temperaturea measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules
507980145Celsius scalea temperature scale equal to 5/9 (F-32) that measures the freezing point of water at ) degrees Celsius and the boiling point of water at 100 degrees celsius
507980146calorie (cal)the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 degree Celsius; also the amount of heat energy that 1 g of water releases when it cools by 1 degree Celsius. The Calorie (with a capital C), usually used to indicate the energy content of food, is a kilocalorie.
507980147kilocalorie (kcal)a thousand calories; the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree Celsius
507980148joule (J)a unit of energy; 1 J = 0.239 cal; 1 cal = 4.184 J
507980149specific heatthe amount of heat that must be absorbed of lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius
507980150heat of vaporizationthe quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state
507980151evaporative coolingthe process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state.
507980152solutiona liquid that is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances
507980153solventthe dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known
507980154solutea substance that is dissolved in a solution
507980155aqueous solutiona solution in which water is the solvent
507980156hydration shellthe sphere of the water molecules around a dissolved ion
507980157hydrophilichaving an affinity for water
507980158colloida mixture made up of a liquid and particles that (because of their large size) remain suspended rather than dissolved in that liquid
507980159hydrophobichaving no affinity for water; tending to coalesce and form droplets of water
507980160molecular massthe sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight
507980161mole (mol)the number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadro's number of molecules
507980162molaritya common measure of solute concentration, referring to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution
507980163hydrogen iona single proton with a charge of 1+. The dissociation of a water molecule (H2O) leads to the generation of a hydroxide ion (OH-) and a hydrogen ion (H+); in water, H+ is not found alone but associates with a water molecules to form a hydronium ion
507980164hydroxide iona water molecule that has lost a proton; OH-
507980165hydronium iona water molecule that has an extra proton bound to it; H3O+, commonly represented as H+
507980166acida substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
507980167basea substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
507980168pHa measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log [H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14
507980169buffera solution that contains a weak acid and its corresponding base. A buffer minimizes changes in pH when acids or bases are added to the solution
507980170ocean acidificationdecreasing pH of ocean waters due to absorption of excess atmospheric CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels
507980171acid precipitationrain, snow, or fog that is more acidic than pH 5.2

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!