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Campbell Biology: Ninth Edition - Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Flashcards

Vocabulary: aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, fermentation, oxidation, reduction, reducing agent, oxidizing agent, redox reaction, electron transport chain, NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), glycolysis, Kreb cycle (citric acid cycle), oxidative phosphorylation, substrate-level phosphorylation, chemiosmosis, ATP synthase, cytochromes, proton-motive force, obligate aerobe, obligate anaerobe, facultative anaerobe, beta oxidation, biosynthesis
Objectives: After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define cellular respiration.
a. State which organisms undergo cellular respiration.
b. Distinguish between the site of cellular respiration in prokaryotic cells and in eukaryotic cells.
c. Distinguish between the terms aerobic and anaerobic.
d. Write the general chemical equation for aerobic cellular respiration.
e. Write the general chemical equation for lactic acid fermentation and state which organisms can undergo this process.
f. Write the general chemical equation for alcohol fermentation and state which organisms can undergo this process.
2. Relating to cellular energy:
a. Explain the chemical energy relationship between glucose and ATP.
b. Explain the chemical energy role of ATP in driving cellular reactions.
c. Describe the structure of ATP, ADP, and AMP.
d.Explain why ATP is considered the "energy currency" of the cell and glucose is not.
e. State how many ATPs are produced from 1 glucose molecule during:
* aerobic cellular respiration in prokaryotic cells
* aerobic cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells
* fermentation
3. Describe the making of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.
4. Relating to oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis):
a. Define oxidation and reduction and describe the redox reactions of an electron transport chain.
b. Relate the redox reactions of an electron transport chain to the active transport of
hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane.
c. Relate the active transport of H+ ions across a membrane to the formation of an electrochemical gradient.
d. Relate the electrochemical gradient to the facilitated diffusion of H+ ions across a
membrane.
e. Relate facilitated diffusion of H+ ions through the ATP synthase protein channel to
the making of ATP.
5. Relating to aerobic cellular respiration:
a. Describe the molecules ATP and NADH and distinguish between the different energy-storing roles of each.
b. Describe the process of glycolysis, including the major molecules involved and the
energy-storing molecules produced.
c. Describe the process of the transition reaction, including the major molecules involved
and the energy-storing molecules produced.
d. Describe the process of the Krebs cycle, including the major molecules involved and the energy-storing molecules produced, and explain why the Krebs cycle is considered a cycle.
e. Describe the roles of NADH, FADH2, and O2 in the electron transport chain part of
oxidative phosphorylation.
f. Show the relationship between the electron transport chain, active transport, and facilitated diffusion in the oxidative phosphorylation process of making ATP.
g. State the specific locations of glycolysis, the transition reaction, the Krebs cycle, and
the oxidative-phosphorylation process in eukaryotic cells.
h. State the specific locations of glycolysis, the transition reaction, the Krebs cycle, and
the oxidative-phosphorylation process in prokaryotic cells.
i. State the number of ATPs produced during glycolysis, the transition reaction, the Krebs
cycle, and the oxidative-phosphorylation process.
j. Explain why aerobic cellular respiration results in 36 ATPs per glucose in eukaryotic cells and 38 ATPs per glucose in prokaryotic cells.
k. Relate glycolysis to lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation.
6. Describe how organic molecules other than glucose (specifically proteins, fats, and
nucleic acids) can be a source of energy by being broken down and used during glycolysis,
the transition reaction, or the Krebs cycle.

Terms : Hide Images
1264004214Explain concept 9.1: Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuelsCatabolic pathways are a set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units to release energy1
1264004216Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respirationBoth processes include glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidated phosphorylation. In aerobic respiration the final electron acceptor is molecular oxygen O2; in anaerobic respiration the final electron Accceptor is a different substance.2
1264004218Describe the difference between the two processes in cellular respiration that produce ATP: oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylationMost of the ATP produced in cellular respiration come from oxidative phosphorylation, in which the energy released from redox reactions in an electron transport chain is used to produce ATP. In substrate level phosphorylation, an enzyme dirctly transfers a phosphate group to ADP fro an intermediate substrate. All ATP production in glycolysis occurs by substrate-level phosphorylation, this form of ATP production also occurs at one step in the citric acid cycle.3
1264004220Explain concept 9.2: Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate...4
1264004222During the redox reaction in glycolysis, which molecule acts as the oxidizing agent? Which molecule acts as the reducing agent?NAD+ acts as the oxidizing agent in step 6, accepting electrons from glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which thus acts as the reducing agent5
1264004224During the redox reaction in glycolysis, Which molecule acts as the reducing agent?glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which acts as the reducing agent6
1264004227What is the source of energy for the formation of ATP and NADH in glycolysis?The oxidation of the three carbon sugar glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, yields energy. In this oxidation, electrons and H+ are transferred to NAD+, forming NADH, and a phosphate group is attached to the oxidized substrate. ATP is then formed b y substrate level phosphorylation when this phosphate group is transferred to ADP7
1264004228Explain concept 9.3: After pyruvate is oxidized, the citric acid cycle completes the energy yielding oxidation of organic molecules...8
1264004229Name the molecules that conserve most of the energy from the citric acid cycle's redox reactions. How is this energy converted to a form that can be used to make ATP?NADH and FADH2; they will donate electrons to the electron transport chain9
1264004230What processes in your cells produce the CO2 that you exhaleCO2 is released from the pyruvate that is the end product of glycoloysis, and CO2 is also released during the citric acid cycle10
1264004231What molecular products indicate the complete oxidation of glucose during cellular respiration?...11
1264004232Explain concept 9.4: During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis...12
1264004233What effect would an absence of O2 have on the process shown in figure 9.15?...13
1264004234Briefly explain the mechanism by which ATP synthase produces ATP. List three locations in which ATP synthases are found....14
1264004235Explain concept 9.5: Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen...15
1264004236Consider the NADH formed during glycolysis. What is the final acceptor for its electrons during fermentation?...16
1264004237Consider the NADH formed during glycolysis. What is the final acceptor for its electrons during aerobic respiration?...17
1264004238Which process yields more ATP, fermentation, or anaerobic respiration?...18
1264004239Explain concept 9.6: Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways...19
1264004240Compare the structure of a fat with that of a carbohydrate, what features of their structure make fat a much better fuel?...20
1264004241Under what circumstances might your body synthesize fat molecules...21
1264004242Describe how catabolic pathways of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle intersect with anabolic pathways in the metabolism of a cell....22
1264004243As it pertains to cellular respiration, state which organisms undergo cellular respiration....23
1264004244As it pertains to cellular respiration, distinguish between the site of cellular respiration in prokaryotic cells and in eukaryotic cells.ATP synthases are found in the inner mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membranes of prokaryotes.24
1264004245As it pertains to cellular respiration, distinguish between the terms aerobic and anaerobic....25
1264004246As it pertains to cellular respiration, write the general chemical equation for aerobic cellular respiration....26
1264004247As it pertains to cellular respiration, write the general chemical equation for lactic acid fermentation and state which organisms can undergo this process....27
1264004248As it pertains to cellular respiration, write the general chemical equation for alcohol fermentation and state which organisms can undergo this process....28
1264004249Relating to cellular energy: explain the chemical energy relationship between glucose and ATP....29
1264004250Relating to cellular energy: explain the chemical energy role of ATP in driving cellular reactions....30
1264004251Relating to cellular energy: describe the structure of ATP, ADP, and AMP....31
1264004252Relating to cellular energy: explain why ATP is considered the "energy currency" of the cell and glucose is not....32
1264004253Relating to cellular energy: state how many ATPs are produced from 1 glucose molecule during aerobic cellular respiration in prokaryotic cells...33
1264004254Relating to cellular energy: state how many ATPs are produced from 1 glucose molecule during aerobic cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells...34
1264004255Relating to cellular energy: state how many ATPs are produced from 1 glucose molecule during fermentation...35
1264004256Describe the making of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation....36
1264004257Describe how organic molecules other than glucose (specifically proteins, fats, and nucleic acids) can be a source of energy by being broken down and used during glycolysis, the transition reaction, or the Krebs cycle....37
1264004258Relating to oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis): define oxidation and reduction and describe the redox reactions of an electron transport chain....38
1264004259Relating to oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis): relate the redox reactions of an electron transport chain to the active transport of hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane....39
1264004260Relating to oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis): relate the active transport of H+ ions across a membrane to the formation of an electrochemical gradient....40
1264004261Relating to oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis): relate the electrochemical gradient to the facilitated diffusion of H+ ions across a membrane....41
1264004262Relating to oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis): relate facilitated diffusion of H+ ions through the ATP synthase protein channel to the making of ATP....42
1264004263Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: describe the molecules ATP and NADH and distinguish between the different energy-storing roles of each....43
1264004264Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: describe the process of glycolysis, including the major molecules involved and the energy-storing molecules produced....44
1264004265Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: describe the process of the transition reaction, including the major molecules involved and the energy-storing molecules produced....45
1264004266Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: describe the process of the Krebs cycle, including the major molecules involved and the energy-storing molecules produced, and explain why the Krebs cycle is considered a cycle....46
1264004267Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: describe the roles of NADH, FADH2, and O2 in the electron transport chain part of oxidative phosphorylation...47
1264004268Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: show the relationship between the electron transport chain, active transport, and facilitated diffusion in the oxidative phosphorylation process of making ATP....48
1264004269Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: state the specific locations of glycolysis, the transition reaction, the Krebs cycle, and the oxidative-phosphorylation process in eukaryotic cells....49
1264004270Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: state the specific locations of glycolysis, the transition reaction, the Krebs cycle, and the oxidative-phosphorylation process in prokaryotic cells....50
1264004271Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: state the number of ATPs produced during glycolysis, the transition reaction, the Krebs cycle, and the oxidative-phosphorylation process....51
1264004272Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: explain why aerobic cellular respiration results in 36 ATPs per glucose in eukaryotic cells and 38 ATPs per glucose in prokaryotic cells....52
1264004273Relating to aerobic cellular respiration: relate glycolysis to lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation....53
1264004274FermentationPartial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen54
1264004275Aerobic RespirationCatabolic pathway in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel55
1264004276Cellular RespirationIncludes both aerobic and anaerobic processes56
1264004277Redox ReactionsA chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; short for reduction-oxidation reaction57
1264004278OxidationThe complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction58
1264004279ReductionThe complete or partial addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction59
1264004280Reducing AgentThe electron donor in a redox reaction60
1264004281Oxidizing AgentThe electron receptor in a redox reaction61
1264004282NAD+Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that cycles easily between oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) states, thus acting as an electron carrier.62
1264004283Electron Transport ChainA sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP63
1264004284GlycolysisA series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate. Occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration64
1264004285The Citric Acid CycleA chemical cycle involving eight steps taht completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidyzing acetyl CoA (derived from pyruvate) to carbon diozide; occcurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes; together with pyruvate oxidation, the second majoy stage in cellular respiration.65
1264004286Oxidative PhosphorylationThe production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration66
1264004287Substrate-level phosphorylationThe enzyme catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism67
1264004288Acetyl CoAAcetyl coenzyme A; the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.68
1264004289CytochromesAn iron-containing protein that is a component of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membranes of prokaryotic cells69
1264004290ATP SynthaseA complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthases are found in the inner mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membranes of prokaryotes.70
1264004291ChemiosmosisAn energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work; such as the synthesis of ATP. Under aerobic conditions, most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis.71
1264004292Protonmotive ForceThe potential energy stored in the form of a proton electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions (H+) across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis.72
1264004293Alcohol FermentationGlycolysis followed by the reduction pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide73
1264004294Lactic Acid FermentationGlycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ with no release of of carbon dioxide.74
1264004295Obligate AnaerobesAn organism that only carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration. cannot use oxygen and may be poisoned by it75
1264004296Facultative AnaerobesAn organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present76
1264004297Beta OxidationA metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA77
1264004298In cellular respiration, where does Glycolysis occur?In the cytosol78
1264004299What is pyruvate?- The end product of glycolysis -The first step in cellular respiration - Stands in the junction between anaerobic and aerobic pathways79
1264004300The Citric Acid Cycle also known as the Krebs cycle serves what purpose?...80
1264004301OIL RIGOxidation is Loss of Electrons (OIL) RIG (Reduction is a Gain of Electrons)81
1264004302Which process or processes return carbon to the atmosphere?Cellular Respiration82
1264004303What are the 4 major steps of cellular respiration?1.Glycolysis- (occurs in the cytosol) 2. Pyruvate Oxidation - Formation of Acetyl Co-enzyme A (occurs in the mitochondrion) 3. TCA/Kreb's Cycle/ Citric Acid Cycle 4. Oxidative phosphorylation - Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis - (occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion)83
1264004304In the Cellular Respiration Process, which coenzymes is an electron carrier?NADH and FADH284
1264004305How many ATP are produced by the citric acid cycle for each molecule of glucose?285
1264004306What is the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain86
1264004307What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy87
1264004308What is the correct basic equation for cellular respiration?Glucose + 6 Oxygen leads to 6 Carbon Dioxide +6 Water + 1 ATP88
1264004309Which of the part of the cellular respiration process takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?Glycolysis89
1264004310In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?The Mitochondrion90
1264004311How would you describe glycolysis?This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.91
1264004312How would you describe the citric acid cycleThis process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.92
1264004313How would you describe the electron transport chain?This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration93
1264004314Which part of a eukaryotic cell is involved in cellular respiration?Mitochondria94
1264004315Glucose and _______ are consumed during cellular respirationOxygen95
1264004316In a eukaryotic cell, most of the ATP derived from glucose during cellular respiration is produced by ...The Electron Transport Chain96
1264004317How much does a single glucose molecule produce in glycoloysis alone?a single glucose molecule in glycolysis produces a total of: 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, 2 molecules of ATP, 2 molecules of NADH and 2 molecules of water97
1264004318The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is theH+ concentration across the membrane holding ATP synthase.98
1264004319Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule?glycolysis99
1264004320In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactionsprovide the energy that establishes the proton gradient.100
1264004321The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation isoxygen.101
1264004322What is the oxidizing agent in the following reaction? Pyruvate + NADH + H+ S Lactate + NAD+pyruvate102
1264004323When electrons flow along the electron transport chains of mitochondria, which of the following changes occurs? ATP synthase pumps protons by active transport. The pH of the matrix increases.The pH of the matrix increases.103
1264004324Most CO2 from catabolism is released duringthe citric acid cycle.104
1264004325A molecule becomes more oxidized when it _Loses an electron. During oxidation, an electron is removed.105
1264004326In the overall process of glycolysis and cellular respiration, _____ is oxidized and _____ is reduced.glucose ... oxygen In cellular respiration, electrons and hydrogen are removed from glucose and added to oxygen.106
1264004327Most of the ATP produced in cellular respiration comes from which of the following processes?...107
1264004328Which of the following is a correct description of the events of cellular respiration and the sequence of events in cellular respiration? (eText Concept 9.1) oxidation of glucose to pyruvate; reduction of pyruvate; TCA cycle; oxidative phosphorylation glycolysis; oxidative phosphorylation; TCA cycle; oxidation of pyruvate. oxidation of glucose to pyruvate; oxidation of pyruvate; oxidation of acetyl-coA; oxidative phosphorylation oxidation of pyruvate; TCA cycle; oxidation of glucose to pyruvate; oxidative phosphorylation glycolysis; reduction of pyruvate; TCA cycle; oxidative phosphorylation1. oxidation of glucose to pyruvate; 2. oxidation of pyruvate; 3. oxidation of acetyl-coA; 4. oxidative phosphorylation108
1264004329Oxygen gas (O2) is one of the strongest oxidizing agents known. The explanation for this is that _____. (eText Concept 9.1) oxygen gas contains a double bond oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration the oxygen atom is very electronegative oxygen is so abundant in the atmosphere oxygen gas is composed of two atoms of oxygenThe oxygen atom is very electronegative. The high electronegativity of the oxygen atom is the reason that oxygen is such a good oxidizing agent (why it can oxidize so many compounds).109
1264004330The function of cellular respiration is to _____. (eText Concept 9.1) reduce CO2 produce carbohydrates extract CO2 from the atmosphere synthesize macromolecules from monomers extract usable energy from glucoseExtract usable energy from glucose. The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway is cellular respiration, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant, along with the organic fuel (frequently glucose).110
1264004331During the reaction C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O, which compound is reduced as a result of the reaction? (eText Concept 9.1) carbon dioxide oxygen water glucose both glucose and carbon dioxideoxygen111
1264004332Each ATP molecule contains about 1% of the amount of chemical energy available from the complete oxidation of a single glucose molecule. Cellular respiration produces about 32 ATP from one glucose molecule. What happens to the rest of the energy in glucose? (eText Concept 9.1) It is converted to starch. It is converted to heat. It is released as carbon dioxide and water It is stored as fat. It is used to make water from hydrogen ions and oxygen.It is converted to heat.112
1264004333A small amount of ATP is made in glycolysis by which of the following processes? (eText Concept 9.1) transfer of electrons and hydrogen atoms to NAD+ transport of electrons through a series of carriers attachment of a free inorganic phosphate (Pi) group to ADP to make ATP transfer of a phosphate group from a fragment of glucose to ADP by substrate-level phosphorylation harnessing energy from the sunTransfer of a phosphate group from a fragment of glucose to ADP by substrate-level phosphorylation113
1264004334Where do the reactions of glycolysis occur in a eukaryotic cell? (eText Concept 9.1) the cytosol across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion the matrix of the mitochondrion in the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion the inner membrane of the mitochondrionGlycolysis occurs in the cytosol.114
1264004335Most of the NADH that delivers electrons to the electron transport chain comes from which of the following processes? (eText Concept 9.3) substrate-level phosphorylation the citric acid cycle glycolysis anabolic pathways oxidative phosphorylationThe citric acid cycle Both NADH and FADH2 are produced during the citric acid cycle.115
1264004336In preparing pyruvate to enter the citric acid cycle, which of the following steps occurs? (eText Concept 9.3) Pyruvate is oxidized and decarboxylated, and the removed electrons are used to reduce an NAD+ to an NADH. Pyruvate is reduced and decarboxylated, and the resulting electrons oxidize an NAD+ to an NADH Pyruvate is oxidized and decarboxylated, and the resulting electrons are donated to NADH to produce NAD+. Pyruvate is reduced to acetyl-coA, which involves the reduction of pyruvate, the addition of a carbon dioxide from the environment, and its reduction by NADH. Pyruvate is ionized directly to acetyl-coA.Pyruvate is oxidized and decarboxylated, and the removed electrons are used to reduce an NAD+ to an NADH.116
1264004337Why is the citric acid cycle called a cycle? (eText Concept 9.3)The four-carbon acid that accepts the acetyl CoA in the first step of the cycle is regenerated by the last step of the cycle.117
1264004338In the citric acid cycle, for each pyruvate that enters the cycle, one ATP, three NADH, and one FADH2 are produced. For each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis, how many ATP, NADH, and FADH2 are produced in the citric acid cycle? (eText Concept 9.3)two ATP, six NADH, two FADH2118
1264004339Where do the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryotic cells?The matrix of the mitochondrion The citric acid cycle, which takes place in the mitochondrial matrix, completes the degradation of glucose.119
1264004340How many molecules of ATP are gained by substrate-level phosphorylation from the complete breakdown of a single molecule of glucose in the presence of oxygen? (eText Concept 9.3)Four There is a net gain of two ATP from glycolysis and one per each molecule of acetyl CoA oxidized in the citric acid cycle for a total of four per glucose.120
1264004341What is the major (but not the only) energy accomplishment of the citric acid cycle? (eText Concept 9.3)The formation of NADH and FADH2 Each turn of the citric acid cycle releases carbon dioxide, forms one ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, and passes electrons to three NAD+ and one FAD.121
1264004342After completion of the citric acid cycle, most of the usable energy from the original glucose molecule is in the form of _____.NADH The citric acid cycle produces three NADH per turn of the cycle.122
1264004343Which of the following accompanies the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA before the citric acid cycle? (eText Concept 9.3) regeneration of NAD+ removal of coenzyme A release of CO2 and synthesis of NADH formation of CO2 and synthesis of ATP release of CO2 and release of coenzyme Arelease of CO2 and synthesis of NADH123
1264004344If significant amounts of materials are removed from the citric acid cycle to produce amino acids for protein synthesis, which of the following will result? (eText Concept 9.6) Less ATP will be produced by the cell. Less CO2 will be produced by the cell. The four-carbon compound that combines with acetyl CoA will have to be made by some other process. The first two answers are correct. The first three answers are correct.The first three answers are correct.124
1264004345A gram of fat oxidized by respiration produces approximately twice as much ATP as a gram of carbohydrate. Which of the following best explains this observation? (eText Concept 9.6) Fats are better electron donors to oxygen than are sugars. Fats do not form true macromolecules as sugars do. Fats are closely related to lipid molecules, the basic building blocks of cellular membranes. Fats are less soluble in water than sugars. Fats are produced when cells take in more food than they need.Fats are better electron donors to oxygen than are sugars. Correct. Fats contain more hydrogen and less oxygen than sugars—it is the transfer of electrons from good donors such as hydrogen atoms to good acceptors such as oxygen that provides the energy in respiration.125
1264004346When protein molecules are used as fuel for cellular respiration, _____ are produced as waste. (eText Concept 9.6) ethanol and CO2 molecules of lactate fatty acids amino groups sugar moleculesamino groups The amino group is a residual product of amino acid catabolism.126
1264004347Of the metabolic pathways listed below, which is the only pathway found in all organisms? (eText Concept 9.5) the electron transport chain cellular respiration fermentation the citric acid cycle glycolysisglycolysis Ancient prokaryotes probably used glycolysis to make ATP long before oxygen was present in Earth's atmosphere. Glycolysis is the most widespread metabolic pathway.127
1264004348If muscle cells in the human body consume O2 faster than it can be supplied, which of the following is likely to result? (eText Concept 9.5) The muscle cells will have more trouble making enough ATP to meet their energy requirements. The cells will not be able to carry out oxidative phosphorylation. The cells will consume glucose at an increased rate. Only the first two answers are correct. The first three answers are correct.The first three answers are correct. The muscle cells will have more trouble making enough ATP to meet their energy requirements. The cells will not be able to carry out oxidative phosphorylation. The cells will consume glucose at an increased rate.128
1264004349In brewing beer, maltose (a disaccharide of glucose) is _____.the substrate for alcoholic fermentation129
1264004350In glycolysis in the absence of oxygen, cells need a way to regenerate which compound? (eText Concept 9.5)NAD+130
1264004351Sports physiologists at an Olympic training center wanted to monitor athletes to determine at what point their muscles were functioning anaerobically. They could do this by checking for a buildup of which of the following compounds? (eText Concept 9.5)lactate. In humans, muscle cells switch to lactate fermentation after becoming anaerobic.131
1264004352Fermentation is essentially glycolysis plus an extra step in which pyruvate is reduced to form lactate or alcohol and carbon dioxide. This last step _____. (eText Concept 9.5)enables the cell to recycle the reduced NADH to oxidized NAD+132
1264004353During respiration in eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain is located in or on the _____. (eText Concept 9.4)inner membrane of the mitochondrion133
1264004354Which of the following is the source of the energy that produces the chemiosmotic gradient in mitochondria? (eText Concept 9.4)Electrons moving down the electron transport chain134
1264004355Which of the following best describes the electron transport chain? (eText Concept 9.4) Acetyl CoA is fully oxidized to CO2. Glucose is broken down to a three-carbon compound in preparation for the citric acid cycle. Electrons are passed from one carrier to another, releasing a little energy at each step. Hydrogen atoms are added to CO2 to make an energy-rich compound. Electrons are pumped across a membrane by active transport.Electrons are passed from one carrier to another, releasing a little energy at each step.135
1264004356During aerobic respiration, molecular oxygen (O2) is used for which of the following purposes? (eText Concept 9.4) at the end of glycolysis to oxidize pyruvate at the end of the electron transport chain to accept electrons and form H2O between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to split a carbon from pyruvate, producing CO2 as a source of O2 in every reaction that produces CO2 at the end of the citric acid cycle to regenerate citric acidat the end of the electron transport chain to accept electrons and form H2O136
1264004357Word Roots: aero-air (aerobic: chemical reaction using oxygen)137
1264004358Word Roots: an-not (anaerobic: chemical reaction not using oxygen)138
1264004359Word Roots: chemi-chemical (chemiosmosis: the production of ATP using the energy of hydrogen ion gradients across membranes to phosphorylate ADP)139
1264004360Word Roots: glyco-sweet;140
1264004361Word Roots: -lysissplit (glycolysis: the splitting of glucose into pyruvate)141

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