Key Concepts:
• DNA sequencing and DNA cloning are valuable tools for genetic engineering and biological inquiry
• Biologists use DNA technology to study gene expression and function
• Cloning organisms and stem cells are useful for basic research and other applications
• The practical applications of DNA-based biotechnology affects our lives in many ways
Terms : Hide Images
| 1827386870 | Biotechnology | the manipulation of organisms or their components to produce useful products | 0 | |
| 1827386871 | Cloning Vector | in genetic engineering, a DNA molecule that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate there; cloning vectors include plasmids and bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), which move recombinant DNA from a test tube back into a cell, and viruses that transfer recombinant DNA by infection | 1 | |
| 1827386872 | Complementary DNA (cDNA) | a double-stranded DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzymes reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase; a cDNA molecule corresponds to the exons of a gene | 2 | |
| 1828513187 | DNA Cloning | the production of multiple copies of a specific DNA segment | 3 | |
| 1828513188 | DNA Ligase | a linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3′ end of one DNA fragment (such as an Okazaki fragment) to the 5′ end of another DNA fragment (such as a growing DNA chain) | 4 | |
| 1828513189 | DNA Microarray Assay | a method to detect and measure the expression of thousands of genes at one time; tiny amounts of a large number of single-stranded DNA fragments representing different genes are fixed to a glass slide and tested for hybridization with samples of labeled cDNA | 5 | |
| 1828513190 | DNA Sequencing | determining the complete nucleotide sequence of a gene or DNA segment | 6 | |
| 1828513191 | DNA Technology | techniques for sequencing and manipulating DNA | 7 | |
| 1828513192 | Electroporation | a technique to introduce recombinant DNA into cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to a solution containing the cells; the pulse creates temporary holes in the cells' plasma membranes, through which DNA can enter | 8 | |
| 1828513193 | Expression Vector | a cloning vector that contains a highly active bacterial promoter just upstream of a restriction site where a eukaryotic gene can be inserted, allowing the gene to be expressed in a bacterial cell; expression vectors are also available that have been genetically engineered for use in specific types of eukaryotic cells | 9 | |
| 1828513194 | Gel Electrophoresis | a technique for separating nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of their size and electrical charge, both of which affect their rate of movement through an electric field in a gel made of agarose or another polymer | 10 | |
| 1828513195 | Gene Cloning | the production of multiple copies of a gene | 11 | |
| 1828513196 | Gene Therapy | the introduction of genes into an afflicted individual for therapeutic purposes | 12 | |
| 1828513197 | Genetic Engineering | the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes | 13 | |
| 1828513198 | Genetic Profile | an individual's unique set of genetic markers, detected most often today by PCR or, previously, by electrophoresis and nucleic acid probes | 14 | |
| 1828513199 | Genetically Modified (GM) Organism | an organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means; also called a transgenic organism | 15 | |
| 1828513200 | Genome-Wide Association Study | a large-scale analysis of the genomes of many people having a certain phenotype or disease, with the aim of finding genetic markers that correlate with that phenotype or disease | 16 | |
| 1828513201 | In Situ Hybridization | a technique using nucleic acid hybridization with a labeled probe to detect the location of a specific mRNA in an intact organism | 17 | |
| 1828513202 | In Vitro Mutagenesis | a technique used to discover the function of a gene by cloning it, introducing specific changes into the cloned gene's sequence, reinserting the mutated gene into a cell, and studying the phenotype of the mutant | 18 | |
| 1828513203 | Nucleic Acid Hybridization | the base pairing of one strand of a nucleic acid to the complementary sequence on a strand from another nucleic acid molecule | 19 | |
| 1828513204 | Nucleic Acid Probe | in DNA technology, a labeled single-stranded nucleic acid molecule used to locate a specific nucleotide sequence in a nucleic acid sample; molecules of the probe hydrogen-bond to the complementary sequence wherever it occurs; radioactive, fluorescent, or other labeling of the probe allows its location to be detected | 20 | |
| 1828513205 | Plasmid | a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome; in DNA cloning, plasmids are used as vectors carrying up to about 10,000 base pairs (10 kb) of DNA; plasmids are also found in some eukaryotes, such as yeasts | 21 | |
| 1828513206 | Pluripotent | describing a cell that can give rise to many, but not all, parts of an organism | 22 | |
| 1828513207 | Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) | a technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating it with specific primers, a heat-resistant DNA polymerase, and nucleotides | 23 | |
| 1828513208 | Recombinant DNA | a DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources | 24 | |
| 1828513209 | Restriction Enzyme | an endonuclease (type of enzyme) that recognizes and cuts DNA molecules foreign to a bacterium (such as phage genomes); the enzyme cuts at specific nucleotide sequences (restriction sites) | 25 | |
| 1828513210 | Restriction Fragment | a DNA segment that results from the cutting of DNA by a restriction enzyme | 26 | |
| 1828513211 | Restriction Site | a specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized and cut by a restriction enzyme | 27 | |
| 1828513212 | Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) | a technique for determining expression of a particular gene; it uses reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase to synthesize cDNA from all the mRNA in a sample and then subjects the cDNA to PCR amplification using primers specific for the gene of interest | 28 | |
| 1828513213 | RNA Interference (RNAi) | a mechanism for silencing the expression of specific genes; in RNAi, double-stranded RNA molecules that match the sequence of a particular gene are processed into siRNAs that either block translation or trigger the degradation of the gene's messenger RNA; this happens naturally in some cells, and can be carried out in laboratory experiments as well | 29 | |
| 1828513214 | Short Tandem Repeat (STR) | simple sequence DNA containing multiple tandemly repeated units of two to five nucleotides; variations in STRs act as genetic markers in STR analysis, used to prepare genetic profiles | 30 | |
| 1828513215 | Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) | a single base-pair site in a genome where nucleotide variation is found in at least 1% of the population | 31 | |
| 1828513216 | Totipotent | describing a cell that can give rise to all parts of the embryo and adult, as well as extraembryonic membranes in species that have them | 32 | |
| 1870581599 | Gene cloning is crucial to any application involving one gene because __________. a. naturally occurring DNA molecules are very long and contain many genes b. it provides a means to produce large quantities of its protein product c. genes occupy only a small proportion of the chromosomal DNA in eukaryotes, the rest being noncoding nucleotide sequences d. it provides a means to produce many copies of a gene in a short period of time e. All of the listed responses are correct. | All of the listed responses are correct. Because a typical gene is usually a very small part of the total DNA of a cell, scientists use gene cloning procedures to amplify specific genes for further genetic analysis, for recombinant applications, and as a means to generate large quantities of their protein products for human use. | 33 | |
| 1870581600 | The expression of the PAX-6 gene when vertebrate and fruit fly versions of the gene are exchanged between these animal groups illustrates __________. a. that the same gene can have very different functions in different types of animals b. that some coding genes have products other than proteins in different types of animals c. the common ancestry in the evolution of these animal groups d. that the mechanisms of gene expression vary among different animal groups e. that a gene that plays a major role in the development of one type of organism often has a reduced role in another | the common ancestry in the evolution of these animal groups Regardless of the version of the PAX-6 gene that is being expressed in a vertebrate or fruit fly, the gene product triggers the formation of the appropriate type of eye for that animal group, thus reflecting the common ancestry between all animal groups. | 34 | |
| 1870581601 | Which of the following enzymes is key to the automation of PCR (polymerase chain reactions)? a. DNA ligase b. Taq polymerase c. reverse transcriptase d. restriction enzyme e. human DNA polymerase | Taq polymerase Taq polymerase is a heat-stable DNA polymerase that was isolated from the hot spring bacterium Thermus aquaticus. It is ideal for PCR because it is not denatured by the heat applied to separate DNA strands in PCR and can polymerize DNA from short, single-stranded DNA primers that are complementary to sequences at each end of the DNA sequence to be amplified. | 35 | |
| 1870581602 | Bacteria use restriction enzymes to __________. a. synthesize DNA b. synthesize RNA c. synthesize protein d. destroy foreign protein e. destroy foreign DNA | destroy foreign DNA Restriction enzymes are used to protect bacteria against intruding DNA from other organisms. | 36 | |
| 1870581603 | An enzyme that cuts DNA at a symmetrical sequence of bases is called __________. a. reverse transcriptase b. a restriction enzyme c. cDNA d. palindrome e. ligase | a restriction enzyme Restriction enzymes cut DNA molecules at a limited number of specific locations, each of which contains a recognition sequence, or restriction site. | 37 | |
| 1870581604 | When a typical restriction enzyme cuts a DNA molecule, the cuts are staggered so that the DNA fragments have single-stranded ends. This is important in recombinant DNA work because __________. a. it allows a cell to recognize fragments produced by the enzyme b. the single-stranded ends serve as starting points for DNA replication c. the fragments will bond to other fragments with complementary single-stranded ends d. it enables researchers to use the fragments as introns e. only single-stranded DNA segments can code for proteins | the fragments will bond to other fragments with complementary single-stranded ends The sticky ends of restriction fragments allow hydrogen bonding with complementary single-stranded stretches on other DNA molecules cut with the same enzyme. | 38 | |
| 1870581605 | In genetic engineering, sticky end refers to __________. a. a technique for finding a gene of interest within a nucleus without destroying the cell b. the ability of plasmids to stick to a bacterial cell wall and thus be taken up into the bacterium c. short bits of single-stranded DNA left at the end of DNA molecules cut by restriction enzymes d. the site on mRNA that sticks to the DNA during transcription e. None of the listed responses is correct. | short bits of single-stranded DNA left at the end of DNA molecules cut by restriction enzymes The sticky ends of restriction fragments allow hydrogen bonding with complementary single-stranded stretches on other DNA molecules cut with the same enzyme. | 39 | |
| 1870581606 | Which of the following enzymes could seal a nick in one strand of a double-stranded DNA molecule by creating a sugar-phosphate bond between the adjacent, unjoined nucleotides? a. DNA ligase b. reverse transcriptase c. restriction enzyme d. terminator enzyme e. DNA polymerase | DNA ligase DNA ligase is a fundamental tool in recombinant DNA technology. | 40 | |
| 1870581607 | Which of the following is required for the production of recombinant DNA with long-term stability? a. hydrogen bonding b. DNA ligase c. reverse transcriptase d. DNA polymerase e. heat-resistant DNA polymerase | DNA ligase DNA ligase catalyzes the formation of covalent bonds in the sugar-phosphate backbone, cementing the linkage between nucleic acids having complementary sticky ends. | 41 | |
| 1870581608 | What two enzymes are needed to produce recombinant DNA? a. a restriction enzyme and a topoisomerase b. a restriction enzyme and a ligase c. a restriction enzyme and a polymerase d. a polymerase and a ligase e. a polymerase and a topoisomerase | a restriction enzyme and a ligase Recombinant DNA technology involves combining genes from two sources, such as different species, into a single molecule. Restriction enzymes cut the segments, and ligase seals the pieces in place. | 42 | |
| 1870581609 | In recombinant DNA technology, the term vector refers to __________. a. the enzyme that cuts DNA into restriction fragments b. the sticky ends of a DNA fragment c. a heat-resistant DNA polymerase d. a plasmid or other agent used to transfer DNA into a living cell e. a DNA probe used to locate a particular gene | a plasmid or other agent used to transfer DNA into a living cell A cloning vector is a DNA molecule that can carry foreign DNA into a cell and replicate there. | 43 | |
| 1870581610 | Which arrangement of the following four enzymes represents the order in which they would be used in a typical gene-cloning experiment resulting in the insertion of a cDNA into a bacterial plasmid? Begin with the gene's mRNA transcript. a. restriction enzyme, reverse transcriptase, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase b. restriction enzyme, DNA ligase, reverse transcriptase, DNA polymerase c. reverse transcriptase, DNA polymerase, restriction enzyme, DNA ligase d. reverse transcriptase, DNA ligase, DNA polymerase, restriction enzyme e. reverse transcriptase, restriction enzyme, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase | reverse transcriptase, DNA polymerase, restriction enzyme, DNA ligase Beginning with the mRNA transcript, we use reverse transcriptase to make a cDNA copy, followed by DNA polymerase to make the second strand. A restriction enzyme creates sticky ends on the cDNA and opens the plasmid for insertion, and ligase seals the gap. | 44 | |
| 1870581611 | A scientist wishing to create an organism capable of breaking down several kinds of toxic waste combines genes from several species of bacteria to create a single "superbacterium." Which of the following would be needed for this project? a. nucleic acid probes b. DNA ligase c. plasmids d. restriction enzymes e. All of the listed responses are correct. | All of the listed responses are correct. All of these "tools" would be needed. | 45 | |
| 1870581612 | The dideoxyribonucleotide chain-termination method __________. a. produces a ladder of DNA fragments, with each individual band labeled with one of four different fluorescent tags b. can be used to sequence entire eukaryotic chromosomes in a single reaction c. is very slow, requiring several weeks to determine a sequence of about 200 nucleotides d. does not involve electrophoresis e. is difficult to automate and must be performed under close human supervision | produces a ladder of DNA fragments, with each individual band labeled with one of four different fluorescent tags Each band differs in size by a single nucleotide, and the particular fluorescent tag of the band indicates the identity of the final nucleotide. | 46 | |
| 1870581613 | A nucleic acid probe is used to __________. a. clone genes b. produce a large amount of DNA from a tiny amount of DNA c. make exact copies of DNA sequences d. identify genes that have been separated by electrophoresis, or mRNA molecules through in situ hybridization e. make DNA from RNA | identify genes that have been separated by electrophoresis, or mRNA molecules through in situ hybridization A nucleic acid probe is a short single-stranded probe of either DNA or RNA that is complementary to the sequence of interest. It will base-pair with the sequence of interest in a gel or organism, revealing the location of that sequence. | 47 | |
| 1870581614 | What is the source of the reverse transcriptase used in recombinant DNA technology? a. retroviruses b. plant cells c. cultured fungal cells d. cultured phage-infected mammalian cells e. either retroviruses or cultured phage-infected mammalian cells | retroviruses Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme found in retroviruses. | 48 | |
| 1870581615 | Because eukaryotic genes contain introns, their transcripts cannot be translated by bacteria, which lack RNA-splicing machinery. But if you want to engineer a bacterium to produce a eukaryotic protein, you can synthesize a gene without introns. A good way to do this is to __________. a. alter the bacteria so that they can splice RNA b. use a nucleic acid probe to find a gene without introns c. work backward from mRNA to make a version of the gene without introns d. use a phage to insert the desired gene into a bacterium e. use a restriction enzyme to remove introns from the gene | work backward from mRNA to make a version of the gene without introns Reverse transcriptase can be used to make cDNA transcripts of mRNA. | 49 | |
| 1870581616 | DNA synthesized using an RNA template is called __________. a. reverse transcriptase b. a restriction enzyme c. cDNA d. rDNA e. a plasmid | cDNA Reverse transcriptase from retroviruses can be used to make cDNA (complementary DNA) out of processed mRNA from eukaryotic cells. | 50 | |
| 1870581617 | In the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the sequence of bases in the primers is important because it __________. a. determines which segment of the genome will be amplified b. always matches a stop codon c. always causes a silent mutation d. determines how many cycles of the reaction are needed to obtain a sufficient amount of amplified DNA e. determines the number of tandem repeats in a genome | determines which segment of the genome will be amplified Primers are complementary to the ends of the targeted DNA and determine where DNA synthesis will begin. | 51 | |
| 1870581618 | A molecular biologist has isolated a short segment of DNA that she wants to replicate in vitro. First she heats the DNA, which separates the two strands, and then she adds __________. a. nucleotides, primers, and polymerase b. ribosomes, nucleosomes, and messenger RNA c. nucleotides and ligase d. transfer RNA, matching amino acids, and messenger RNA e. ribosomes, matching amino acids, and primers | nucleotides, primers, and polymerase PCR requires a pool of nucleotide building blocks, primers to initiate DNA synthesis, and polymerase to continue elongation of the new strands. | 52 | |
| 1870581619 | In the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, a heating phase and a cooling phase alternate. An original sample of DNA would have to pass through how many total rounds of heating and cooling before a sample is increased eight times in quantity? a. two b. three c. four d. six e. eight | three The amount of DNA doubles with each round. After one round, there is twice as much as was originally present. After two rounds, four times as much. After three rounds, eight times as much would be present. | 53 | |
| 1870581620 | Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) __________. a. are single base-pair variations in the genomes of the human population b. are genetic markers used to study the genetic basis for disease c. are small nucleotide differences among individuals located in coding and non-coding sequences in the genome d. can be the molecular basis for different alleles e. All of the listed responses are correct. | All of the listed responses are correct. SNPs are single base-pair variations (polymorphisms) found in coding (i.e., the molecular basis for different alleles for genes) and noncoding DNA of the human genome that are useful in determining gene function and the genetic basis for diseases by way of genome-wide association studies. | 54 | |
| 1870581621 | The efficiency of cloning, and the ability to generate healthy cloned animals, has been largely hampered by the difficulty of __________. a. completely reversing epigenetic alterations in donor cell nuclei such as DNA methylation and chromatin packing b. inducing recombination in differentiated donor cells in order to restore the full genomic complement c. transforming donor cells with genes encoding proteins required for normal embryonic development d. physically removing the nucleus from the egg cell that will ultimately receive the donor cell nucleus e. implanting the clone into the surrogate mother | completely reversing epigenetic alterations in donor cell nuclei such as DNA methylation and chromatin packing It is thought that the subtle abnormalities that often affect cloned animals result from an inability to completely reverse these alterations. | 55 | |
| 1870581622 | Therapeutic cloning refers to __________. a. the use of cloned embryos as a source of stem cells that could be used to treat disease b. treating patients with therapeutic proteins made using recombinant DNA technology c. cloning animals to obtain organs that could be used for transplantation into humans d. treating a genetic disease by obtaining cells from an individual with the disease, introducing genes into the cells in order to repair the genetic defect, and then reintroducing the cells back into the individual e. All of the listed responses are correct. | the use of cloned embryos as a source of stem cells that could be used to treat disease Such cells could potentially be used to treat diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and diabetes. Nevertheless, the prospect of therapeutic cloning remains quite controversial. | 56 | |
| 1870581623 | Nuclear transplantation involves __________. a. inserting a sperm cell into an egg cell in vitro b. placing the nucleus from an egg cell into an enucleated somatic cell c. removing the nucleus of an egg cell and replacing it with the nucleus of a somatic cell d. the use of microarray analysis and RNA interference e. the use of reverse transcriptase to make copies of the genes that are being expressed | removing the nucleus of an egg cell and replacing it with the nucleus of a somatic cell In this way, the egg cell becomes diploid, similarly to when it is fertilized by a sperm. | 57 | |
| 1870581624 | __________ can give rise to any type of cell whereas __________ can give rise to a subset of cell types. a. Heterozygous cells ... homozygous cells b. Adult stem cells ... embryonic stem cells c. Embryonic stem cells ... adult stem cells d. Totipotent cells ... nerve cells e. Adult stem cells ... totipotent cells | Embryonic stem cells ... adult stem cells Embryonic stem cells are essentially totipotent and can differentiate into any type of cell. Adult stem cells are partially differentiated and can further differentiate into certain types of cells. | 58 | |
| 1870581625 | During the process of differentiation, cells __________. a. lose genes b. exchange DNA with other cells via the process of horizontal gene transfer c. gain and lose genes, depending on what type of cell they will become d. express different genes in response to developmental signals e. randomly turn on and off genes until the right combination is reached | express different genes in response to developmental signals Although the DNA in every cell is the same, different genes are expressed in a muscle cell and a nerve cell. | 59 | |
| 1870581626 | Dolly, the sheep, was cloned from an adult cell. She had a number of health problems and died at a relatively young age. Three mules that were born in 2003 were cloned from fetal cells. If it turns out that the mules remain healthy and live normal lives, how would this outcome tie in with Gurdon's observations with tadpoles? a. Gurdon found no correlation between the age of the donor cells and the ability of the transplanted nucleus to direct development. b. Gurdon found that nuclei from older donor cells were more likely to correctly direct differentiation and give rise to healthy tadpoles. c. Gurdon found a positive correlation between the age of the donor nuclei and the ability of the nuclei to direct differentiation. d. Gurdon found that the ability of a transplanted nucleus to direct normal development was inversely related to the age of the donor. e. None of the listed responses is correct. | Gurdon found that the ability of a transplanted nucleus to direct normal development was inversely related to the age of the donor. In animals it appears that the age of the donor may have an effect on the ability of the nucleus to properly direct gene expression during development. Cloning has not been going on long enough for us to have a large enough data set to draw solid conclusions. | 60 | |
| 1870581627 | All of the following are true regarding induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells EXCEPT __________. a. iPS cell technology may provide a more morally acceptable approach to therapeutic cloning b. iPS cells have been demonstrated to function identically to embryonic stems cells c. the reprogramming of diseased cells in humans to form iPS cells could provide model systems for studying the origins of the disease d. iPS cell technology could offer the potential to regenerate nonfunctional or diseased tissues and avoid the risk of transplant rejection in the diseased patient e. iPS cells are formed by added genes to the genome of differentiated skin cells | iPS cells have been demonstrated to function identically to embryonic stems cells Earlier studies suggested that iPS stem cells could do everything that embryonic stems cells can do but later investigations showed that differences in gene expression and cell division exist between the two cell types. | 61 | |
| 1870581628 | All of the following are current applications of DNA technology in medicine EXCEPT __________. a. clinical use of iPS cells harvested from organ-impaired individuals for the culturing and transplantation of a functioning organ in the diseased individual b. use of genome-wide association studies to identify SNPs (single-nucleotide polymorphisms) linked to disease c. use of microarray assays to analyze the expression patterns of genes associated with a type of cancer d. use of retroviruses to introduce normal alleles of genes into diseased cells for disorders involving one defective gene e. genetically engineering organisms, from bacteria to goats, into protein factories that produce vital human proteins such as insulin, anticlotting agents, and human growth hormone | clinical use of iPS cells harvested from organ-impaired individuals for the culturing and transplantation of a functioning organ in the diseased individual Although iPS cell technology holds promise for this type of application, there is much we don't know about how to direct iPS cells into specific cell types to form tissues and organs. | 62 | |
| 1870581629 | A genetic marker is __________. a. a place where a restriction enzyme cuts DNA b. a chart that traces the family history of a genetic trait c. a particular nucleotide sequence at a particular locus whose inheritance can be followed d. a radioactive probe used to find a gene e. an enzyme used to cut DNA | a particular nucleotide sequence at a particular locus whose inheritance can be followed A genetic marker is a landmark within a genome. | 63 | |
| 1870581630 | Human nerve cells differ from human muscle cells because different sets of genes are expressed; in each type of cell, different genes are transcribed into mRNA and translated into protein. Which of the following techniques would be the most efficient way to identify the genes that these cells express? a. gel electrophoresis of DNA fragments b. DNA microarray assays c. isolating and analyzing all the proteins from each type of tissue d. PCR e. production of expression vectors | DNA microarray assays At least theoretically, this method allows all the different kinds of mRNA made by a particular type of cell to be quickly and easily tested for matching with all of the organism's genes. | 64 | |
| 1870581631 | Gene therapy involves __________. a. adding a functioning version of a defective gene to the cells of an individual b. allowing individuals to follow the natural progression of a genetic disorder, accompanied by psychological counseling, then drug treatment when the condition becomes life-threatening c. no serious ethical questions d. replacing organs affected with genetic disorders by transplants e. All of the listed responses are correct. | adding a functioning version of a defective gene to the cells of an individual In gene therapy, a new, functional gene is inserted into the somatic cells of the tissue affected by the disorder. | 65 | |
| 1870581632 | A molecular biologist used a retroviral vector to introduce a gene coding for a certain human enzyme into mouse cells. One cell line was isolated that was able to make the human enzyme, but it had lost the ability to express an endogenous, normally expressed gene in the process. What is the best explanation for these results? a. The virus caused the mouse cells to become diseased. b. The virus had transferred a gene from one mouse cell to another. c. The virus inserted the gene encoding the human enzyme within the sequence of a normally expressed endogenous gene. d. The virus was too small to carry the entire gene. e. The enzyme acted as a nuclease enzyme, cutting up mouse DNA. | The virus inserted the gene encoding the human enzyme within the sequence of a normally expressed endogenous gene. The inserted DNA disrupted the endogenous mouse gene, preventing its expression. | 66 | |
| 1870581633 | Genetic profiles are used to determine whether Sam could be the father of Becky's baby. Sam is not the father if __________ genetic profile shows some bands not present in __________ genetic profile. a. Sam's ... the baby's b. Becky's ... the baby's c. the baby's ... Sam's d. the baby's ... Becky's e. the baby's ... Sam's or Becky's | the baby's ... Sam's or Becky's These bands must have come from the actual father. | 67 | |
| 1870581634 | Genetic profiles used as evidence in a murder trial look something like supermarket bar codes. The pattern of bars in a genetic profile shows __________. a. the order of bases in a particular gene b. the presence of various-sized fragments of DNA c. the presence of dominant or recessive alleles for particular traits d. the order of genes along particular chromosomes e. the exact location of a specific SNP in an individual's genome | the presence of various-sized fragments of DNA There is only a very low probability that the markers used to produce a genetic profile would be shared by two or more individuals (with the exception of identical twins). | 68 | |
| 1870581635 | Which of the following would be considered a transgenic organism? a. a bacterium that has been treated with a compound that affects the expression of many of its genes b. a human treated with insulin produced by E. coli bacteria c. a fern grown in cell culture from a single fern root cell d. a rat with rabbit hemoglobin genes e. All of the listed responses are correct. | a rat with rabbit hemoglobin genes Transgenic organisms contain genes from other species. | 69 | |
| 1870581636 | Transgenic organisms can be scientifically or commercially useful only if __________. a. the inserted ("foreign") gene is drawn from the human genome b. the inserted ("foreign") gene is expressed in the host organism c. the host organism is a microorganism d. the vector is a plasmid e. All of the listed responses are correct. | the inserted ("foreign") gene is expressed in the host organism If the gene is not expressed, it will probably have little effect on the organism. | 70 | |
| 1870581637 | In genetic engineering, the highly active plasmid from Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used to __________. a. insert genes of interest into plant chromosomes b. cut DNA at a specific base sequence c. locate specific genes on animal chromosomes d. detect and correct mistakes in DNA replication e. All of the listed responses are correct. | insert genes of interest into plant chromosomes The usual DNA vector for moving genes into plants is a plasmid of the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens. | 71 | |
| 1870685405 | In DNA technology, the term vector can refer to a. the sticky end of a DNA fragment. b. the enzyme that cuts DNA into restriction fragments. c. a SNP marker. d. a DNA probe used to identify a particular gene. e. a plasmid used to transfer DNA into a living cell. | a plasmid used to transfer DNA into a living cell. | 72 | |
| 1870685406 | Which of the following tools of recombinant DNA technology is incorrectly paired with its use? a. DNA polymerase—polymerase chain reaction to amplify sections of DNA b. electrophoresis—separation of DNA fragments c. DNA ligase—cutting DNA, creating sticky ends of restriction fragments d. reverse transcriptase—production of cDNA from mRNA e. restriction enzyme—analysis of RFLPs | DNA ligase—cutting DNA, creating sticky ends of restriction fragments | 73 | |
| 1870685407 | Plants are more readily manipulated by genetic engineering than are animals because a. a somatic plant cell can often give rise to a complete plant. b. plant genes do not contain introns. c. plant cells have larger nuclei. d. more vectors are available for transferring recombinant DNA into plant cells. e. genes can be inserted into plant cells by micro injection. | a somatic plant cell can often give rise to a complete plant. | 74 | |
| 1870685408 | A paleontologist has recovered a bit of tissue from the 400-year-old preserved skin of an extinct dodo (a bird). To compare a specific region of the DNA from the sample with DNA from living birds, which of the following would be most useful for increasing the amount of dodo DNA available for testing? a. Southern blotting b. electroporation c. RFLP analysis d. polymerase chain reaction (PCR) e. gel electrophoresis | polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | 75 | |
| 1870685409 | DNA technology has many medical applications. Which of the following is not done routinely at present? a. production of hormones for treating diabetes and dwarfism b. production of microbes that can metabolize toxins c. prenatal identification of genetic disease alleles d. introduction of genetically engineered genes into human gametes e. genetic testing for carriers of harmful alleles | introduction of genetically engineered genes into human gametes | 76 | |
| 1870685410 | Which of the following would not be true of cDNA produced using human brain tissue as the starting material? a. It was produced from mRNA using reverse transcriptase. b. It could be used as a probe to detect genes expressed in the brain. c. It lacks the introns of the human genes. d. It could be amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. e. It could be used to create a complete genomic library. | It could be used to create a complete genomic library. | 77 | |
| 1870685411 | Expression of a cloned eukaryotic gene in a bacterial cell involves many challenges. The use of mRNA and reverse transcriptase is part of a strategy to solve the problem of a. electroporation. b. post-transcriptional processing. c. restriction fragment ligation. d. nucleic acid hybridization. e. post-translational processing. | post-transcriptional processing. | 78 | |
| 1870685412 | Which of the following sequences in double-stranded DNA is most likely to be recognized as a cutting site for a restriction enzyme? a. AAGG TTCC b. GGCC CCGG c. ACCA TGGT d. AGTC TCAG e. AAAA TTTT | GGCC CCGG | 79 |
