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| 9446884842 | Bare Minimum Requirements of Animals Common features | Multicellular Heterotrophic consumers--ingest Most have: organs/organ systems no cell walls connective tissue sexual reproduction HOX genes | 0 | |
| 9446884843 | Tissues 1= 2= 3= | Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm 1= no true tissues 2= diploblastic-->endoderm and ectoderm 3= triploblastic-->endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm | 1 | |
| 9446884844 | Coelom Coelomate | -true body cavity w/mesoderm, requires triploblastic embryo type -equipped with a true body cavity |  | 2 |
| 9446884845 | Pseudocoelomate | equipped with a body cavity but no internal suspension,the body cavity is fluid filled |  | 3 |
| 9446884846 | Acoelomate | no true body cavity |  | 4 |
| 9446884847 | Embryonic development | zygote, cleavage-->blastula (todipotent and undifferentiated)--> gastrulation--> gastrula |  | 5 |
| 9446884848 | Endoderm | inner embryonic cell layer becomes the digestive tract | 6 | |
| 9446884849 | Mesoderm | middle embryonic cell layer becomes the circulatory system, muscles, organs | 7 | |
| 9446884850 | Ectoderm | outer embryonic cell layer becomes the skin and nervous system | 8 | |
| 9446884851 | Protostome | molluscs, annelids mouth develops first | 9 | |
| 9446884852 | Deuterostome | echinoderms, chordates anus develops first | 10 | |
| 9446884853 | Complete Metamorphosis | egg--> larvae/maggots/pupa-->adult |  | 11 |
| 9446884854 | Suspension feeders | sponge, porifera, sessile feeders in water |  | 12 |
| 9446884855 | Detritivores | worms animals that move through materials ingesting, excreting the non digestable subs |  | 13 |
| 9446884856 | Parasite Ecto-/Endo- | Ectoparasite: outer parasite (tick) Endoparasite: inner parasite (tapeworm) |  | 14 |
| 9446884857 | Hydrostatic | lack of skeleton: -body supported by surroundings (H2O) -body uses fluid in body for support (worms, cnidaria--jellies) |  | 15 |
| 9446884858 | Sessile | not moving |  | 16 |
| 9446884859 | Free-floating | no direction of moving, movement with currents/tides | 17 | |
| 9446884860 | Viviparous | Giving birth to live young |  | 18 |
| 9446884861 | Oviparous | Giving birth to eggs soft/hard |  | 19 |
| 9446884862 | Internal Fertilization | Copulation must occur, fertilization inside the body |  | 20 |
| 9446884863 | External Fertilization | Gametes are discharged, fertilization outside the body |  | 21 |
| 9446884864 | Choanflagellates | Unicellular/colonial closest living relatives to animals common ancestor of animals may have resembled them |  | 22 |
| 9446884865 | Neoproterozoic | Early members of the animal fossil record include 'Edicarian' biota (560 m.y.a.) 1 b.y.a.--543 m.y.a. |  | 23 |
| 9446884866 | Paleozoic | Houses the Cambrian Explosion (535--525 m.y.a.) earliest fossil record of major groups 'modern' animals most fossils are bilaterians (bilaterally symmetrical, complete digestive tract, one way digestive systems) Cambrian explosion causes: -end of Edicarian biota -predator prey relationships -rise in atmospheric O2 -evolution of HOX gene complex * coral reefs = dominant marine ecological niche (contemporaneous with ages of dinosaurs) 542--251 m.y.a. |  | 24 |
| 9446884867 | Mezozoic | Flowers/plants and insects surge Mammals first appear Mass Extinction of terrestrial and marine animals Explosion of mammals and birds as the climate cooled (endotherms) | 25 | |
| 9446884868 | Eumetazoa | 'true animals' clade of animals with true tissues (includes all animals EXCEPT Porifera) | 26 | |
| 9446884869 | Non bilateral animals | Porifera (sponges), Cnidaria, Echinoderms |  | 27 |
| 9446884870 | Bilateria | Clade containing superphylums: Lophotrochozoa Ecdysozoa Deuterostomia | 28 | |
| 9446884871 | Metazoa | All animals |  | 29 |
| 9446884872 | Lophotrochozoa | 'with feeding structure' -clade identified by molecular data -wide range of body forms -Bilaterian animals - triploblastic development - most have Coelom - digestive tract with two openings - includes: flatworms (Platyhelminthes), mollusc, annelids - |  | 30 |
| 9446884873 | PLATYHELMINTHES | Flatworms -found everywhere--marine, freshwater -three tissue layers -NO true body cavity =aceolomates -gastrovascular cavity with 1 OPENING -1-2 cells thickness -flatness helps maximize surface area for gas exchange -free-living varieties = Planaria -parasitic = tapeworm -reproduce sexually or asexually (fragmentation) | 31 | |
| 9446884874 | Parasitic Platyhelminthes | Includes tapeworms, trematodes 'flukes' -lives in lower intestinal tract -may be symptomless | 32 | |
| 9446884875 | Trematodes | Platyhelminthes that live in snails/molluscs and vertebrates -produce surface proteins that mimic those of the host -life cycle often includes two diff hosts -asexual repro in mollusc (intermediate host) -sexual repro in vertebrates (primary host) | 33 | |
| 9446884876 | Tapeworms | Platyhelminthes that live in vertebrates -have hooks, one cell thick, that latch on to intestine -reproduce sexually | 34 | |
| 9446884877 | MOLLUSCA | Snails, slugs, oysters, clams, mussels, octopus, squids -mostly marine -have a mouth and anus -some type of gills -separate sexes, many snails are hermaphrodites | 35 | |
| 9446884878 | Mollusca Body Parts (3) + Radula | 1. Muscular foot 2. Visceral mass (guts) 3. Mantle (forms the shell) +many have a water filled mantle cavity and feed using a rasplike RADULA, a tongue used to scrape algae off rocks | 36 | |
| 9446884879 | Four Classes of Mollusca | 1. Polyplacophora (chitons) 2. Gastropoda (snails and slugs) 3. Bivalvia (clams, oysters, and other bivalves) 4. Cephalopoda (squids, octopus, cuttlefish, and chambered nautilus) | 37 | |
| 9446884880 | Polyplacophora | Chitons (members of mollusca) -Oval shaped marine animals encased in 8 dorsal plates -Use their foot-like suction cup to grip rock -RADULA used to scrape algae off of rocks | 38 | |
| 9446884881 | Gastropoda | Snails and Slugs (members of mollusca) -use RADULA to eat -fresh, marine, moist terrestrial | 39 | |
| 9446884882 | Bivalvia | Oysters, clams, mussels (members of mollusca) -sea stars (Echinoderms) eat bivalves | 40 | |
| 9446884883 | Cephalopoda | Squids, octopus, cuttlefish, and chambered nautilus (members of mollusca) -all carnivores -have beak-like jaws surrounded by tentacles -can immobilize prey with saliva -octopuses crawl on the sea floor -they move in a swift-like manner -nautilus are an ancient group -has a closed circulatory system -sensory organs | 41 | |
| 9446884884 | ANNELIDS | Segmented worms that are ceolomates 3 types = POH Polychaeta (mostly marine worms with chitin bristles) Oligochaeta (aquatic and terrestrial worms, earthworms) Hirundina (sea slug) | 42 | |
| 9446884885 | Annelids 2 Clades E_ _ _ _ _ _ _ S_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | Molecular analyses show that annelids are divided into two Errantia- mobile, mostly marine, segments usually with bristles or parapodia (fxn of bristles/'cheatae' and parapodia is usually mobility) Sedentaria- sedentary, immobile/very limited mobility mostly marine may have gills and/or tentacles burrow (may form tubes) | 43 | |
| 9446884886 | Osculum | outer opening of sponge | 44 | |
| 9446884887 | PORIFERA | Animals without true tissue -"Sponges" -sedentary -no cavity -have special CHOANOCYTE cells for filtering food out of water (flagellated cells) with AMOEBCYTES that help transport material around -are hermaphrodites (keep eggs, squirt out sperm through osculum) -some have antibiotic properties (wound healing) | 45 | |
| 9446884888 | Ecdysozoan | 'shedding, molting species' covered by tough cuticle cuticle is shed by ecdysis Includes -Nematodes -Arthropods* |  | 46 |
| 9446884889 | CNIDARIA | The oldest member of phylum Eu_______ (all animals except Porifera) -Include: Jelies, sea anemones, corals, hydra -radial symmetry -two tissue layers -stinging -single opening digestive system (anus/mouth) -gastrovascular cavity = digestive compartment -may have a life cycle with sessile polyp stage and medusaform stage (hydras) -sexual or asexual reproduction -use tentacles to capture prey, using specialized CNIDOCYTES containing NEMATOCYTES (specialized organelles that eject 'nematisis' stinging thread when triggered | 47 | |
| 9446884890 | Medusozoa | 1/2 Cnidaria main types -Jellies -have medusa stage | 48 | |
| 9446884891 | Anthozoa | 2/2 Cnidaria main types -Corals, Sea anemones | 49 | |
| 9446884892 | Corals | marine animals with symbiotic relationships with algae (some with diatoms or flagellates) -coral bleaching is the result of the loss of the symbiotic relationship and a sign of poor health | 50 | |
| 9446884893 | ARTHROPODS (Ch M Cr H) How are they adapted for success? | Members of ___________ 'molting group' -2 out of every 3 animal species (insect group is especially large) ADAPTED FOR SUCCESS -segmented bodies (head, abdomen, thorax) -jointed appendages (1st group to develop these) -exoskeleton of chitin TREND = decrease in segmentation, increase in appendages -complete digestive tract -open circulatory system with hemolymph -gills or booklungs for gas exchange | 51 | |
| 9446884894 | Cheliceriforms, chelicerae | FANGED ARTHROPODS -- Sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, ticks, mites, scorpions, spiders -Mostly booklungs, gills if marine -spiders produce silk for webs, balloons, wrappings fangs suck out hemolymph -6 pairs appendages -4 pairs walking legs | 52 | |
| 9446884895 | Myriapods (2) | Millipedes and Centipedes -all living are terrestrial -pair of antennae, 3 pairs of appendages -modified mouth parts Millipedes: -herbivores, eat decaying materials, leaves and plants -2 pairs of legs per segment (4 legs/1 segment) Centipedes: -carnivores, eat organisms ranging from small to larger -1 pair of legs per segment (2 legs/segment) | 53 | |
| 9446884896 | Crustaceans | Lobsters, crabs, barnacles -marine and fresh -smaller crustaceans typically do gas exchange through body surfaces -larger crustaceans use gills -single sex -includes isopods and pill-bugs -many are tiny planktonic organisms | 54 | |
| 9446884897 | Hexapods | Insects--6 legged arthropods -Have 3 advantages of arthropods (segmented bodies, jointed appendages, exoskeleton) PLUS some have wings -co-evolved with flowering plants -wings=extension of cuticle -unisex using sexual reproduction (mostly) -internal fertilization - metamorphosis (complete or incomplete) -use chemical sense to find mates, also color and sound (+ ) = cost money by spreading diseases ( - ) = pollinators, food source | 55 | |
| 9446884898 | NEMATODES | Members of ____________ 'molting group' -aquatic, soil, moist tissues of animal bodies -have alimentary canal (2 openings) -muscles on sides (not in ring shape)--> moves in thrashing motions -Parasites -Trichinella spiralis--> trichinosis from undercooked meat) -C. Elegans = study model - Pin-worm transmitted in feces - hookworm |  | 56 |
| 9446884899 | ECHINODERMATA | Last phylum of invertebrates -Bilateral (juveniles) --> Radial (adults) -slow moving/sessile -are are marine -have many tube feet to allow movement using 'water vascular system' of hydraulics -separate males and females -sexual reproduction by external fertilization -capable of regeneration | 57 | |
| 9446884900 | CHORDATES requirements? | Mostly vertebrates (57,000) vertebra, cephalochordata, urochordata REQUIREMENTS (at some part of life cycle) Notochord Dorsal Hollow nerve cord Pharyngeal slits (form from embryo clefts) Post-anal tail Bilaterian animals in "Deuterostome" clade All Vertebrates and 2 INVERTEBRATES (urochordates, cephalochordates---have FEWER HOX GENES) | 58 | |
| 9446884901 | Notochord | long flexible rod, cartilaginous ---> skeleton | 59 | |
| 9446884902 | Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord | ---> spinal cord , brain, CNS | 60 | |
| 9446884903 | Pharyngeal Slits/Cleft | invertebrates--->used for suspension feeding vertebrates--->gas exchange via gills (except tetrapods) tetrapods--->used for ears, head, and neck | 61 | |
| 9446884904 | Post-anal tail | prehensile, balance related, vestigial | 62 | |
| 9446884905 | Cephalochordata | Lancelets -"blade like in shape" -marine suspension feeders that retain characteristics of the chordate body plan -burrow into the ocean floor in shallow waters -can swim feebly | 63 | |
| 9446884906 | Urochordata | Tunicates - "sea-squirts" -resemble chordates most at the larval stage (may only last a few minutes) -draw water through and incurrent siphon, filtering particles -when attacked, they shoot water through excurrent siphon | 64 | |
| 9446884907 | Vertebrates | -Have 2 or more clusters of HOX genes -2 early forms Myxini Hagfish Petromyzontiformes Lampreys | 65 | |
| 9446884908 | Myxini | Hagfish very ugly jawless vertebrates small brain, eyes, ears toothlike formations skull is cartilaginous, as is notochord flexible rod all bottom dwelling scavengers slime glands Marine | 66 | |
| 9446884909 | Petromyzontiformes | Lampreys -parasites that clamp jaws and suck out vital fluids -Marine and freshwater -cartilaginous notochord based structure -invasive species | 67 | |
| 9446884910 | Gnathostomes | Vertebrates with jaws, outnumber jawless vertebrates -Aquatic gnathostomes have a lateral line system that is sensitive to vibrations | 68 | |
| 9446884911 | Chondrichthyans | skeleton primarily made of cartilage largest groups -- sharks, rays, skates key adaptations--> sharp/serrated teeth, exquisite sense of smell (chemical and electrical), body morphology that is smooth and hydrodynamic short digestive systems sexual repro is internal variety of strategies for birth (EGGS, LIVE YOUNG) | 69 | |
| 9446884912 | Osteichthyans | Rayfinned fish + Lobe-finned fishes -vast majority of vertebrates in the group (22,000 kinds of fish) -nearly all have endoskeleton -includes bony fishes -aquatic Osteich... called fish -swim bladder, operculum 'gill-cover' -lateral line -ectotherm -egg birth -external fert -scales of keratin covered in mucus (reduce drag, avoid consumption) -great sense of smell -LOBE FINNED are link to first tetrapods, the AMPHIBIANS | 70 | |
| 9446884913 | Requirements of tetrapods | Lungs limbs and digits head and neck fusion of pelvic girdle to backbone development of ears | 71 | |
| 9446884914 | Amphibians Us, Af,Cll | Many transitional species between fish and amphibians (shows clearly that they were the first tetrapods 6,150 species URODELA = salamanders ANURA = frog CAECILIANS = legless amphibians, mostly blind (once had legs) | 72 | |
| 9446884915 | Amphibian characteristics | -ectotherms -external fertilization/soft eggs--reproduce in water -permeable skin and outer covering, can breathe through skin ---> vulnerable to pollution and UV, fungal infections like chytrids -toads have less permeable, more leathery skin than frogs -some exhibit parental care -first with 3 Chambered heat | 73 | |
| 9446884916 | Amniotes | Includes tetrapods: reptiles, birds, mammals -egg is hard (bird), rubbery (reptiles) or an internal sac (mammals) -with amniotic egg that allows birth out of water -have less permeable or impermeable skin -first reptiles keratin scales then birds keratin feathers (modified scales!), mammals have keratin fur -have a rib cage to help ventilate lungs | 74 | |
| 9446884917 | Reptiles | Includes snakes, tautaras, lizards, turtles, crocodillans, birds*, -ectotherms (regulate temp with behavior) -hard or rubbery shells on land, fewer than amphibians -usually no parental care -scales create waterproof barrier -many have mating rituals -freshwater, marine, terrestrial | 75 | |
| 9446884918 | turtles | phylogenetic position is uncertain, very ancient -shells=upper and lower shields (difficult to predate) fused to vertebrae, clavicles and ribs | 76 | |
| 9446884919 | snakes | -carnivores -specialized unhinge-able jaw "loosely articulated jaw" -chemical sensors on tongue and heat sensors to catch prey -may be equipped with venom -flexible stretchy skin | 77 | |
| 9446884920 | birds | -160 m.y.a. (ancestor Archeaopteryx) -most adaptations away from other reptiles were toward flight -feathers = modified keratin scales, evolved for warmth, camouflage, or displays before flight +down feathers for heat/flight feathers for flight -light, hollow bones -no urinary bladder -sexual organs reduced -no teeth -ancestor | 78 | |
| 9446884921 | Mammals | 5,300 species -amniotes with hair and produce milk (mammary glands) -live birth*, eggs, some natural premies -PARENTAL CARE -HIGH ENERGY NEEDS -differentiated teeth -larger brain to body size ratio -first were MONOTREMES (egg layers) echidnas/platypuses-->marsupials-->eutherian placentals | 79 | |
| 9446884922 | Primates | Lemurs-lorises-busbabies, Tarsier, Anthropoids: gibbon, orangutan, gorilla, monkeys, chimps, bonobos, (us) -hands and feet adapted to grasping (OPPOSABLE THUMBS) -flat nails (allow for sensory finger tips) -brachiation--rotation of limbs -eyes in front and close together--binocular vision, depth perception -very large brains -short jaws -complex social behavior -high degree of parental care | 80 | |
| 9446884923 | Homo Sapiens | -200,000 years of historty -6 million years of HOMINIDS (bipedal primates) --> 20 species documented -TRENDS +shorter digestive tract +smaller jawbone and muscles -lighter longer skeleton -less sexual dimorphism -complex thoughts, use of tools, artistic expression | 81 | |
| 9446884924 | Hominid link to Homo sapiens | (3.5 m.y.a.) Homo habilis--tool users Homo erectus--migrators, interbreeders Neandrathals--interbred with Homo erectus Homo sapiens-- 200,000 years of history, only recently hunters/farmers---20,000 years ago agriculture -Migration of 115,000 years (New world 15,000 years ago) | 82 |
