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| 1066841409 | Virus | A very small infectious particle consisting of nucleic acid enclosed in a protein coat and often a membranous envelope. They are metabolically inert and only replicate in a living host. | 0 | |
| 1066841410 | Virology | The study of viruses and the diseases caused by them. | 1 | |
| 1066841411 | Virion | The infective form of a virus that exists outside of its host. | 2 | |
| 1066841412 | Capsid | Protein shell that encloses the viral genome. They're built from subunits called capsomeres. | 3 | |
| 1066841413 | Viral envelope | A lipid bilayer derived from the host cell and one that increases the infectivity of a virus. | 4 | |
| 1066841414 | Bacteriophage (phage) | Viruses that infect bacteria. | 5 | |
| 1066841415 | Host Range | A limited number of host cells that it can infect. | 6 | |
| 1066841416 | Helical Viral Shape | A virus that has its capsid shaped into a rod-shaped structure. | 7 | |
| 1066841417 | Icosahedral Viral Shape | A virus consisting of identical subunits that make up equilateral triangles that are, in turn, arranged in a symmetrical fashion. | 8 | |
| 1066841418 | Prolate Viral Shape | A variant of the icosahedral viral shape and is found in bacteriophages. | 9 | |
| 1066841419 | Attachment | The process of viral capsid or envelope proteins attaching to the receptors on a target cell. | 10 | |
| 1066841420 | Penetration | The process of entering a host, through several mechanisms. | 11 | |
| 1066841421 | Uncoating | A process whereupon the viral capsid is removed in order to release the viral nucleic acid into the host. | 12 | |
| 1066841422 | Replication | A process whereby a virus uses its host to copy its genome, generate and assemble a protein capsid, and thereby reproduce itself. | 13 | |
| 1066841423 | Provirus | Term for when the viral genome is integrated into, and replicates along with, the host's genome. This is specific to viruses that infect animal cells. | 14 | |
| 1066841424 | Prophage | The phage DNA that is integrated into the bacterial DNA. | 15 | |
| 1066841425 | Lysogenic Cycle (Latent Infection) | When a prophage is passively replicated along with its host's genome. Phage nucleic acid will integrate into the bacterial genome. | 16 | |
| 1066841426 | Temperate Phage | Phages capable of using both modes of reproducing within a bacterium. | 17 | |
| 1066841427 | Lytic Cycle | A process of viral replication that leads to formation of viral progeny and the potential lysis, or destruction, of the host cell. | 18 | |
| 1066841428 | Virulent Phage | A phage that reproduces only by a lytic cycle. | 19 | |
| 1066841429 | Release | A process whereby viruses are expelled out of their host cell via exocytosis, apoptosis, cell bursting, or budding. | 20 | |
| 1066841430 | Positive-Sense | A strand of viral RNA that can immediately serve as a template for protein synthesis during the process of translation. | 21 | |
| 1066841431 | Negative-Sense | A strand of viral RNA that must first be converted into complementary positive sense strands before creating proteins. | 22 | |
| 1066841432 | Polymerase | An important enzyme that makes strands of polynucleotides in order to help the virus produce vital proteins and help replicate its genome for the production of virus babies. | 23 | |
| 1066841433 | Baltimore Classification System | The grouping of viruses by their type of specific genome. | 24 | |
| 1066841434 | Reverse Transcriptase | A polymerase that uses an intermediate nucleic acid different from that of the original viral nucleic acid to replicate the viral genome. Viral RNA is converted into viral DNA. | 25 | |
| 1066841435 | Genetic Assortment | A process whereby two viruses mix and match parts of their genome. | 26 | |
| 1066841436 | Tail Fibers | Ends of some bacteriophages that aid in injecting the viral nucleic acid into a bacterial cell like a syringe. | 27 | |
| 1066841437 | Pandemic | Outbreaks of infectious diseases that spread over very large distances in more than one continent and even worldwide. | 28 | |
| 1066841438 | Retrovirus | It has an RNA genome that it uses as a template to make double-stranded DNA, which is then incorporated into the host genome. | 29 | |
| 1066841439 | Restriction Enzymes | Specific enzymes that recognize and cut up certain phage DNA to defend bacteria from phages. | 30 | |
| 1066841440 | Plasmids | Circular DNA in bacteria and yeasts. | 31 | |
| 1066841441 | Transposons | Small mobile DNA segments. | 32 | |
| 1066841442 | Vaccines | harmless derivatives of pathogenic microbes that stimulate the immune system to mount defenses against the actual pathogen. | 33 | |
| 1066841443 | Horizontal Transmission | One way plant viruses spread diseases by entering through damaged cell walls. | 34 | |
| 1066841444 | Vertical Transmission | One way plant viruses spread diseases by inheriting the virus from a parent. | 35 | |
| 1066841445 | Viroids | Circular RNA molecules that infect plants and disrupt their growth. | 36 | |
| 1066841446 | Prions | Slow-acting, virtually indestructible infectious proteins that cause brain diseases in mammals. | 37 | |
| 1066841447 | Transformation | The alteration of a bacterial cell's genotype and phenotype by taking up freely floating DNA found in the environment. | 38 | |
| 1066841448 | Transduction | Phages carry bacterial genes from one host cell to another. | 39 | |
| 1066841449 | Conjugation | The direct transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells that are temporarily joined by a pilus. | 40 | |
| 1066841450 | Vertical Gene Transfer | When DNA is passed from mother to offspring cell. | 41 | |
| 1066841451 | Horizontal Gene Transfer | Refers to the ability of some bacterial cells to acquire new genes from neighboring cells in their environment. 3 types of this transfer are transformation, transduction, and conjugation. | 42 | |
| 1066841452 | Pilus | A protein-based, hair-like structure that extends from the bacterial cell. | 43 | |
| 1066841453 | Competent Cells | Bacterial cells that are able to take up free-floating DNA from the environment. | 44 | |
| 1066841454 | Generalized Transduction | A virus randomly chops up the host chromosome and accidentally packages chunks of the genome, transferring them to new host cells. | 45 | |
| 1066841455 | Specialized Transduction | Instead of just hijacking and killing the cell, the viral DNA goes dormant by incorporating itself into the bacterial DNA chromosome. The host cell survives and continues to grow and divide, passing on the incorporated viral DNA to the clone offspring cells. | 46 | |
| 1066841456 | R Plasmids | Confer resistance to various antibiotics. | 47 | |
| 1066841457 | Gene Expression | In multicellular eukaryotes, it regulates development and is responsible for differences in cell types. | 48 | |
| 1066841458 | Operon | The entire stretch of DNA that includes the operator, the promoter, and the genes that they control. | 49 | |
| 1066841459 | Operator | Regulatory "switch" is a segment of DNA. | 50 | |
| 1066841460 | Repressor | Prevents gene transcription as it binds to the operator and blocks RNA polymerase. | 51 | |
| 1066841461 | Corepressor | A molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch an operon off. | 52 | |
| 1066841462 | Inducer | A molecule that begins gene expression. | 53 | |
| 1066841463 | Regulatory Gene | Codes for the repressor. | 54 | |
| 1066841464 | Repressible Operon | An operon that is usually on; binding of a repressor to the operator shuts off transcription. (Ex: trp operon) | 55 | |
| 1066841465 | Inducible Operon | An operon that is usually off; a molecule called an inducer inactivates the repressor and turns on transcription. (Ex: lac operon) | 56 | |
| 1066841466 | Negative Gene Regulation | Operons are switched off by the active form of the repressor. | 57 | |
| 1066841467 | Positive Gene Regulation | Operons are also subject to positive control through a stimulatory protein, like CAP, is an activator of transcription. | 58 |
