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Campbell Reece Bio 1-5

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131962247Isotopeone of two or more atoms with the same atomic number but with different numbers of neutrons
131962248KingdomA taxonomic category, the second broadest after domain.
131962249Types of CellsProkaryotic and Eukaryotic
131962250Types of Prokaryotic cellsBacteria and Archaea
131962251Characteristics of Prokaryotic cellsNo Nucleus No membrane bound organelles
131962252Emergent PropertiesProperties that are not present at the preceding level.
1319622532 major processes in EcoSystem1. Cycling nutrients 2. one way flow of nrg from sunlight to product or consumers
131962254structure or shape determinesfunction
131962255all cells have _____, but not all cells have ____all cells have membranes, but not all cells have cell walls
1319622564 types of tissuemuscle- nervous - epithelial (skin covering) - connective (bone, blood, fat, cartlidge)
131962257DNA --- RNA ---DNA - Genes, RNA - Intermediary protein for molecule sequencing
131962258Differences in organisms reflect _____ in _____nucleotide sequencing
131962259Classification of organismsTaxonomy - Domain, Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
131962260Dainty Kings Put Crowns on Friendly Girl ScoutsDomain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, order, family, genus, species.
1319622614 kingdomsAnimal, Plant, Fungi, Protist
131962262Three Domains of LifeBacteria, Archaea - Prokaryotes Eukarya - Eukaryotes
131962263Characteristics of Eukaryotic CellsPlants, Animals and Fungi Distinguished by modes of nutrition, photosynthesis, ingestion, absorption
131962264EvolutionProcess of change that has transformed life on earth
131962265HypothesisThe tentative answer to a well framed question. Narrow in scope compared to theory.
131962266Virus- Living or Non-living, Why?Non-living. No cells.
131962267TheoryExplanation that is broad in scope.
131962268Variablea factor that can change in an experiment
131962269Control Groupthe group that does not receive the experimental treatment.
131962270Experimental Groupsubjects in an experiment to whom the independent variable is administered
131962271Peer Reviewevaluate professionally a colleague's work
131962272Living Matter is 96% what 4 elements?COHN - Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen and Nitrogen.
131962273What are 4% of trace elements of living matter?PCaKS - Phosphorus, Calcium, Potassium, Nitrogen
131962274Atom--Molecule--Organelle--Cell--Tissue--Organs/Organ Systems--Organism--Population--Community--EcoSystem--Biosphere...
1319622753 subatomic particlesprotons, neutrons, electrons
131962276subatomic particle characteristicsProtons- positive charge Neutrons - neutral charge Electrons - negative charge
131962277compoundsubstance w 2 or more elements; characteristics are different than it's elements
131962278Isotopeatoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
131962279ElementA substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
131962280atomic numberthe number of protons in an atom. Number of electrons is inferred as the same in neutral atoms.
131962281mass numbernumber of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
131962282element numberthe number that is the same as the number of energy levels that the electrons of its atoms occupy
131962283Orbital shapesS are spherical, P are propellor or dumbbell
131962284Octet Ruleatoms react in a manner to have 8 electrons in their valence shell
1319622853 types of bonds in biological moleculesHydrogen Covalent Ionic
131962286Hydrogen bondsWeak. Between Hydrogen
131962287Covalent BondsStrongest bond. Polar covalent - unequal sharing of electrons. Non-Polar - equal sharing of electrons.
131962288Ionic BondDoesn't share electrons - gives. Always between ions (charged atoms)
131962289elements - neutral, not ions...
131962290ions - charged atoms...
131962291Single/Double Covalent Bonds share how many electrons?single bond H-F share 1 pair of electrons double bond 0=0, share 2 pair of electrons
131962292Polar molecules - charged? neutral?Charged
131962293Water is Polar? Non-Polar?Polar, it has a partial charge
131962294Hydrogen Bonds- weak or strong?You weak, family
131962295Example of Covalent Bondwater is a type of covalent bond. The hydrogen atoms share electrons with the oxygen atom.
131962296Example of a Hydrogen BondHydrogen bonds between water molecules - easily broken by heat, (steam). Allows water bug to walk on water, though. Always noted by dotted line on diagram.
131962297Example of Ionic BondNa⁺¹ with Cl⁻¹ produces NaCl- table salt
132114841Water: only substance to exist in all 3 states of matter, which are:Solid, liquid and gas
1321148424 emergent properties of water:1. Cohesion 2. Temperature Moderation 3. Expands upon freezing 4. Versatile as solvent
132114843______ is biological medium on earth, the reason it is habitableWater
132114844Water - Polar? Non-Polar?Polar.
132114845Water's _____ (Polarity/non-polarity) allows molecules to form _____ bonds.Polarity, Hydrogen
132114846Chemical reactions: Make bonds: _____ Break bonds: ______Make - catabolic Break - anabolic
132114847Water as solvent: like _____ likedissolves - water molecules form around salt and interact w negative chloride ions
132114848Solution: Solute and Solvent together...
132114849Hydrophyllic moleculeWater loving, readily dissolves in water. Must have charge! Ex: Sugar, salt
132114850Hydrophobic moleculeWater hating, does not dissolve in water. Not charged, not polar! Ex: Butter, hydrocarbons
132114851Amphipathic moleculeBoth hydrophillic and hydrophobic components. Ex: detergent, cell membranes
132114852Colligative properties of waterCan change boiling or freezing point...example salt. Raises boiling point, Lowers freezing point.
132114853pHHow we record number of Hydrogen ions.
132114854Acids have more/fewer H ions than basesMore
132114855High Hydrogen, _____ (high/low) pH, Low Hydrogen, _______ (high/low) pHHigh Hydrogen, low pH Low Hydrogen, high pH
132114856pH Scale0-14 0-acid, 14-base. 7 neutral
132114857BuffersHelp to keep constant pH Buffers can shift to release H ions to change pH
132114858Blood's homeostatic level7.2-7.4
132114859homeostasisAbility to keep pH stable
132114860examples of acidslemon, vinegar, oranges
132114861examples of basesbaking soda, milk, ammonia
132151945Properties of CarbonBackbone of Life 1. covelant bonding 2. can bond with many other elements 3. can form rings/chains/branches/chains
132151946Carbon bonds with:PHONS- Phosphorus, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur
132151947Valence shellOutermost shell
132151948Valence number# of covalent bonds atom can form. Carbon wants to share, not give electrons.
132151949Tetravalencehaving 4 valence electrons
132151950IsomersCompounds with same molecular formula but different structures.
132151951Structural IsomersHave different covalent arrangements of their atoms. Pg. 62 - Pentane/methyl butane
132151952Geometric IsomersSame covalent arrangement but in different spatial arrangements.
132151953Geometric Isomers: Cis Formation: Trans formationCis:Two atoms on same side Trans: Two atoms on opposite side (trans-fats)
132151954Enantiomersisomers that are mirror images of each other. Ex: ibuprofen, albuterol
132151955Functional Groupscomponents of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions...CLUE GIVERS
132151956Seven Functional Groups important to Chemistry of LifeHydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Sulfhydryl, Phosphate, Methyl
132151957ATP(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
1321521574 Organic Compoundscarbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
132167534Breakdown of Polymers create 2 types of reactions:1. Dehydration, water is lost, so water is removed. 2. Hydrolysis, water is needed, added to molecules.
132176686Carbohydrates-definition and 3 typessugars and polymers of sugars. Simple: monosaccharides. Complex: Disaccharides, polysaccharides.
132176687Saturated Fat vs Unsaturated FatSaturated: Saturated with hydrogen Unsaturated: Hydrogen has been removed, creating a bend in hydrocarbon chain...created a CIS bond.
132176688Form of fat in our bodiesAdipose tissue? Triglycerides?
1321766893 Functions of Fat1. Energy Storage 2. Organ Cushioning 3. Insulation for Body
132176690Define: PhospholipidsA lipid essential for cells. Amphipatic...it has a polar head, and a non polar tail. hydrophobic and hydrophillic parts. 2 fatty acids and a phosphate head.
132176691Where are Phospholipids found?Cell membranes
1321766923 Types of lipids or fatty acids:1. Triglycerides- linear structure 2. Sterols - ring structure 3. Phospholipids - linear structure
132176693Fats are a mixture of: Glycerol to 3 fatty acids, or...triglycerides
132176694Fats are joined by _____ or ______ reactionDehydration or condensation
132181332Define: sterolslipid found in plants and animals
132181333Amino Acids make:Proteins
132181334How many amino acids exist?20
132181335Amino acids are held together bypeptide bonds. Average amino acid has 1,000 peptide bonds. Make poly-peptides
1321813364 levels of protein structureprimary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary
1321813374 ingredients of proteinCarbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen. (Nitrogen is key)
132181338Functional group of protein:Amine
132181339NucleotidesThe subunits of Nucleic Acids, making up DNA and RNA.
132181340Define DNADeoxyribonucleic acid - POLYMERS. CODE FOR PROTEINS. PHOSPHATE, A SUGAR AND A,T,G,C...4 nitrogen containing bases (nucleotides)
132181341Define RNACarries protein-coding instructions to DNA. PHOSPHATE, A SUGAR AND A NITROGEN BASE. A,U,G,C...bases (nucleotides) NO THYMINE, HAS URACIL
1321813423 forms of RNAmRNA - messenger tRNA - transfer rRNA - Ribosomal
132256458Monosaccharides - simple or complex?Simple
132256459Disaccharides - simple or complex?Complex
132256460Polysaccharides - simple or complex?Complex
1322564613 types of monosaccharides1.) glucose 2.) fructose 3.) galactose
132256462monosaccharide - most common have ___ or ___ carbons5 or 6.
1322564635 carbons in monosaccharide- give examplesPentoses - ribose c5h1005...notice 5 carbons or deoxyribose (DNA sugars) c5, H10, 04. Notice 5 carbons again.
1322564646 carbons in monosaccharide - give examplesHexose - glucose C6H12)6. Note, 6 Carbons
132256465Monosaccharides are shaped in :Rings
132256466#1 thing cells want for energyGlucose
132256467Carbohydrates are composed of what 3 atomsCarbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen. Always.....plus n number (subscript to show how many of each molecule)
132256468Monosaccharides build to form...Disaccharides....2 monosaccharides put together.
132256469Disaccharides are joined by what type of reaction?Dehydration
132256470Disaccharides are broken apart by what type of reaction?Hydrolysis
1322564713 types of disaccharidesSucrose, Maltose, Lactose
132256472Sucrose is made up of which 2 monosaccharides?Glucose + Fructose
132256473Maltose is made up of which 2 monosaccharides?Glucose + Glucose
132256474Lactose is made up of which 2 monosaccharides?Glucose+ Galactose
132256475Polysaccharides are made up of what?Disaccharides added together.
132256476Polysaccharides - simple or complex?Complex
132256477Two types of Polysaccharides1. Digestable 2. Non-digestable
132256478Storage form of glucose in plants are called:Starches
132256479Storage form of glucose in animals are called:Glycogen.
132412445Define: lipidsHydro-carbons non-polar
1324124462 Groups of lipidsFats, Oils. Fats are solid at room temp. Oils are liquid at room temp.
132412447Building Block of LipidsFatty Acids
132412448How animals store fatin a tryclyceride. A bigger polymer.
132412449Three types of fatty acids1. Saturated (butter) 2. Unsaturated (oil) 3. Trans (margarine)
132412450shape of saturated fatlinear. Packed with hydrogens, no double bonds. packed in means solid at room temp.
132412451Shape of unsaturated fatBENT. It's linear, but with one double bond with a carbon and no hydrogens on one side of line. Creates bend (CIS) so it's liquid at room temp.
132412452Shape of trans fatLinear, but an isomer. One of the hydrogens gets moved to the other side of carbon.
132412453Two sources of SterolsPlants - very helpful to our bodies Animals- cholesterol, cell membranes, sex hormones
132412454Define ProteinNITROGEN...biggest deal. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen too
132412455Amino Acids are building blocks of ....protein
132412456amino acids are broken down by what kind of chemical reaction?Hydrolysis. Needs water.
132412457Proteins are made up of:1 or more poly peptide of amino acids
132412458Protein stucture- primary, functioning or no?Not functioning, snaking shape of sequenced amino acids
132412459Protein structure - secondary, functioning? shape?non functioning, accordian or coiled
132412460Protein structure - teritary...functioning? Shape?Folds in on itself
132412461protein structure - quaternary - functioning? shape?2 or more teritary protein chains together for it to be one functional molecule.
132412462Only difference between RNA and DNARNA is missing Thymine on base level. DNA is missing Oxygen on sugar level.
132412463Phosphate, Sugar, Nitrogen base make upDNA and RNA
132412464DNA/RNAA and T always binds, G and C always bind.
132412465DNA double stranded. RNA single stranded....
132412466RNA has no Thymine, but Uracil...
132412467Nucleotides consist of:sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
132412468DNA's basesA,T,G, C Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
132412469RNA's basesA,U,G,C Adenine, Urasil, Guanince, Cytosine
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