AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

Campbell's Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 14 Mendel and the Gene Idea Flashcards

The questions in Chapter 14 are mostly at the Application/Analysis skill level. The material in the chapter invites students to apply Mendel's laws, and by doing so encourages problem solving. Because of the human-related Concept 14.4, a fair number of Synthesis/Evaluation questions are included as well. Very little of the chapter lends itself to Knowledge/Comprehension questions only. In addition, to help students make maximum use of information presented about one or more specific traits, a greater number of questions than usual is grouped together to explore brief scenarios or figures.

Terms : Hide Images
1007378835What do we mean when we use the terms monohybrid cross and dihybrid cross? A) A monohybrid cross involves a single parent, whereas a dihybrid cross involves two parents. B) A monohybrid cross produces a single progeny, whereas a dihybrid cross produces two progeny. C) A dihybrid cross involves organisms that are heterozygous for two characters and a monohybrid cross involves only one. D) A monohybrid cross is performed for one generation, whereas a dihybrid cross is performed for two generations. E) A monohybrid cross results in a 9:3:3:1 ratio whereas a dihybrid cross gives a 3:1 ratio.C0
1007378836Why did the F1 offspring of Mendel's classic pea cross always look like one of the two parental varieties? A) No genes interacted to produce the parental phenotype. B) Each allele affected phenotypic expression. C) The traits blended together during fertilization. D) One phenotype was completely dominant over another. E) Different genes interacted to produce the parental phenotype.D1
1007378837What was the most significant conclusion that Gregor Mendel drew from his experiments with pea plants? A) There is considerable genetic variation in garden peas. B) Traits are inherited in discrete units, and are not the results of "blending." C) Recessive genes occur more frequently in the F1 generation than do dominant ones. D) Genes are composed of DNA. E) An organism that is homozygous for many recessive traits is at a disadvantage.B2
10073788384) How many unique gametes could be produced through independent assortment by an individual with the genotype AaBbCCDdEE? A) 4 B) 8 C) 16 D) 32 E) 64B3
1007378839The individual with genotype AaBbCCDdEE can make many kinds of gametes. Which of the following is the major reason? A) segregation of maternal and paternal alleles B) recurrent mutations forming new alleles C) crossing over during prophase I D) different possible alignments of chromosomes E) the tendency for dominant alleles to segregate togetherD4
1007378840Why did Mendel continue some of his experiments to the F2 or F3 generation? A) to obtain a larger number of offspring on which to base statistics B) to observe whether or not a recessive trait would reappear C) to observe whether or not the dominant trait would reappear D) to distinguish which alleles were segregating E) to be able to describe the frequency of recombinationB5
1007378841Which of the following differentiates between independent assortment and segregation? A) The law of independent assortment requires describing two or more genes relative to one another. B) The law of segregation requires describing two or more genes relative to one another. C) The law of segregation requires having two or more generations to describe. D) The law of independent assortment is accounted for by observations of prophase I. E) The law of segregation is accounted for by anaphase of mitosis.A6
1007592363Two plants are crossed, resulting in offspring with a 3:1 ratio for a particular trait. What does this suggest? A) that the parents were true-breeding for contrasting traits B) that the trait shows incomplete dominance C) that a blending of traits has occurred D) that the parents were both heterozygous for a single trait E) that each offspring has the same alleles for each of two traitsD7
1007592366A sexually reproducing animal has two unlinked genes, one for head shape (H) and one for tail length (T). Its genotype is HhTt. Which of the following genotypes is possible in a gamete from this organism? A) tt B) Hh C) HhTt D) T E) HTE8
1007592368When crossing an organism that is homozygous recessive for a single trait with a heterozygote, what is the chance of producing an offspring with the homozygous recessive phenotype? A) 0% B) 25% C) 50% D) 75% E) 100%C9
1007592370Mendel accounted for the observation that traits which had disappeared in the F1 generation reappeared in the F2 generation by proposing that A) new mutations were frequently generated in the F2 progeny, "reinventing" traits that had been lost in the F1. B) the mechanism controlling the appearance of traits was different between the F1 and the F2 plants. C) traits can be dominant or recessive, and the recessive traits were obscured by the dominant ones in the F1. D) the traits were lost in the F1 due to dominance of the parental traits. E) members of the F1 generation had only one allele for each trait, but members of the F2 had two alleles for each trait.C10
1007592372The fact that all seven of the pea plant traits studied by Mendel obeyed the principle of independent assortment most probably indicates which of the following? A) None of the traits obeyed the law of segregation. B) The diploid number of chromosomes in the pea plants was 7. C) All of the genes controlling the traits were located on the same chromosome. D) All of the genes controlling the traits behaved as if they were on different chromosomes. E) The formation of gametes in plants occurs by mitosis only.D11
1007592376Mendel's observation of the segregation of alleles in gamete formation has its basis in which of the following phases of cell division? A) prophase I of meiosis B) anaphase II of meiosis C) metaphase I of meiosis D) anaphase I of meiosis E) anaphase of mitosisD12
1007592378Mendel was able to draw his ideas of segregation and independent assortment because of the influence of which of the following? A) His reading and discussion of Darwin's Origin of Species. B) The understanding of particulate inheritance he learned from renowned scientists of his time. C) His discussions of heredity with his colleagues at major universities. D) His experiments with the breeding of plants such as peas and fuchsia. E) His reading of the scientific literature current in the field.E13
1007592380Mendel's second law of independent assortment has its basis in which of the following events of meiosis I? A) synapsis of homologous chromosomes B) crossing over C) alignment of tetrads at the equator D) separation of homologs at anaphase E) separation of cells at telophaseC14
1007592382Black fur in mice (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Short tails (T) are dominant to long tails (t). What fraction of the progeny of crosses BbTt × BBtt will be expected to have black fur and long tails? A) 1/16 B) 3/16 C) 3/8 D) 1/2 E) 9/16D15
1007592384In certain plants, tall is dominant to short. If a heterozygous plant is crossed with a homozygous tall plant, what is the probability that the offspring will be short? A) 1 B) 1/2 C) 1/4 D) 1/6 E) 0E16
1007592386In the cross AaBbCc × AaBbCc, what is the probability of producing the genotype AABBCC? A) 1/4 B) 1/8 C) 1/16 D) 1/32 E) 1/64E17
1007592389Given the parents AABBCc × AabbCc, assume simple dominance for each trait and independent assortment. What proportion of the progeny will be expected to phenotypically resemble the first parent? A) 1/4 B) 1/8 C) 3/4 D) 3/8 E) 1C18
1007592391Which of the following is the best statement of the use of the addition rule of probability? A) the probability that two or more independent events will both occur B) the probability that two or more independent events will both occur in the offspring of one set of parents C) the probability that either one of two independent events will occur D) the probability of producing two or more heterozygous offspring E) the likelihood that a trait is due to two or more meiotic eventsC19
1007592394Which of the following calculations require that you utilize the addition rule? A) Calculate the probability of black offspring from the cross AaBb × AaBb, when B is the symbol for black. B) Calculate the probability of children with both cystic fibrosis and polydactyly when parents are each heterozygous for both genes. C) Calculate the probability of each of four children having cystic fibrosis if the parents are both heterozygous. D) Calculate the probability of a child having either sickle-cell anemia or cystic fibrosis if parents are each heterozygous for both. E) Calculate the probability of purple flower color in a plot of 50 plants seeded from a self-fertilizing heterozygous parent plant.D20
1007592396In cattle, roan coat color (mixed red and white hairs) occurs in the heterozygous (Rr) offspring of red (RR) and white (rr) homozygotes. Which of the following crosses would produce offspring in the ratio of 1 red:2 roan:1 white? A) red × white B) roan × roan C) white × roan D) red × roan E) The answer cannot be determined from the information provided.B21
1007592398Which of the following describes the ability of a single gene to have multiple phenotypic effects? A) incomplete dominance B) multiple alleles C) pleiotropy D) epistasisC22
1007592400Cystic fibrosis affects the lungs, the pancreas, the digestive system, and other organs, resulting in symptoms ranging from breathing difficulties to recurrent infections. Which of the following terms best describes this? A) incomplete dominance B) multiple alleles C) pleiotropy D) epistasis E) codominanceC23
1007592402Which of the following is an example of polygenic inheritance? A) pink flowers in snapdragons B) the ABO blood group in humans C) Huntington's disease in humans D) white and purple flower color in peas E) skin pigmentation in humansE24
1007592404Hydrangea plants of the same genotype are planted in a large flower garden. Some of the plants produce blue flowers and others pink flowers. This can be best explained by which of the following? A) the knowledge that multiple alleles are involved B) the allele for blue hydrangea being completely dominant C) the alleles being codominant D) the fact that a mutation has occurred E) environmental factors such as soil pHE25
1007592406Which of the following provides an example of epistasis? A) Recessive genotypes for each of two genes (aabb) results in an albino corn snake. B) The allele b17 produces a dominant phenotype, although b1 through b16 do not. C) In rabbits and many other mammals, one genotype (cc) prevents any fur color from developing. D) In Drosophila (fruit flies), white eyes can be due to an X-linked gene or to a combination of other genes. E) In cacti, there are several genes for the type of spines.C26
1007592408Most genes have many more than two alleles. However, which of the following is also true? A) At least one allele for a gene always produces a dominant phenotype. B) Most of the alleles will never be found in a live-born organism. C) All of the alleles but one will produce harmful effects if homozygous. D) There may still be only two phenotypes for the trait. E) More than two alleles in a genotype is considered lethal.D27
1007592409How could you best predict the maximum number of alleles for a single gene whose polypeptide product is known? A) Search the population for all phenotypic variants of this polypeptide. B) Count the number of amino acids in the polypeptide. C) Mate all known genotypes and collect all possible offspring different from the parents. D) Measure the rate of new mutations in the species and estimate the number since it first evolved. E) Count the number of DNA nucleotides that are in the code for the polypeptides.E28
1007592411An ideal procedure for fetal testing in humans would have which of the following features? A) the procedure that can be performed at the earliest time in the pregnancy B) lowest risk procedure that would provide the most reliable information C) the procedure that can test for the greatest number of traits at once D) a procedure that provides a three-dimensional image of the fetus E) a procedure that could test for the carrier status of the fetusA29
1007592413A scientist discovers a DNA-based test for one allele of a particular gene. This and only this allele, if homozygous, produces an effect that results in death at or about the time of birth. Of the following, which is the best use of this discovery? A) Screen all newborns of an at-risk population. B) Design a test for identifying heterozygous carriers of the allele. C) Introduce a normal allele into deficient newborns. D) Follow the segregation of the allele during meiosis. E) Test school-age children for the disorder.B30
1007592414An obstetrician knows that one of her patients is a pregnant woman whose fetus is at risk for a serious disorder that is detectable biochemically in fetal cells. The obstetrician would most reasonably offer which of the following procedures to her patient? A) CVS B) ultrasound imaging C) amniocentesis D) blood transfusion E) X-rayC31
1007592415The frequency of heterozygosity for the sickle-cell anemia allele is unusually high, presumably because this reduces the frequency of malaria. Such a relationship is related to which of the following? A) Mendel's law of independent assortment B) Mendel's law of segregation C) Darwin's explanation of natural selection D) Darwin's observations of competition E) the malarial parasite changing the alleleC32
1007592416Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a recessive human disorder in which an individual cannot appropriately metabolize a particular amino acid. The amino acid is not otherwise produced by humans. Therefore, the most efficient and effective treatment is which of the following? A) Feed them the substrate that can be metabolized into this amino acid. B) Transfuse the patients with blood from unaffected donors. C) Regulate the diet of the affected persons to severely limit the uptake of the amino acid. D) Feed the patients the missing enzymes in a regular cycle, such as twice per week. E) Feed the patients an excess of the missing product.C33
1007592417Hutchinson-Gilford progeria is an exceedingly rare human genetic disorder in which there is very early senility and death, usually from coronary artery disease, at an average age of approximately 13. Patients, who look very old even as children, do not live to reproduce. Which of the following represents the most likely assumption? A) All cases must occur in relatives; therefore, there must be only one mutant allele. B) Successive generations of a family will continue to have more and more cases over time. C) The disorder may be due to mutation in a single protein-coding gene. D) Each patient will have had at least one affected family member in a previous generation. E) The disease is autosomal dominant.C34
1007592418One of two major forms of a human condition called neurofibromatosis (NF 1) is inherited as a dominant gene, although it may range from mildly to very severely expressed. If a young child is the first in her family to be diagnosed, which of the following is the best explanation? A) The mother carries the gene but does not express it at all. B) One of the parents has very mild expression of the gene. C) The condition skipped a generation in the family. D) The child has a different allele of the gene than the parents.B35
1007592419In a particular plant, leaf color is controlled by gene locus D. Plants with at least one allele D have dark green leaves, and plants with the homozygous recessive dd genotype have light green leaves. A true-breeding dark-leaved plant is crossed with a light-leaved one, and the F1 offspring is allowed to self-pollinate. The predicted outcome of the F2 is diagrammed in the Punnett square shown in Figure 14.1, where 1, 2, 3, and 4 represent the genotypes corresponding to each box within the square. 37) Which of the boxes marked 1-4 correspond to plants with dark leaves? A) 1 only B) 1 and 2 C) 2 and 3 D) 4 only E) 1, 2, and 3E36
1007592420Which of the boxes correspond to plants with a heterozygous genotype? A) 1 B) 1 and 2 C) 1, 2, and 3 D) 2 and 3 E) 2, 3, and 4D37
1007592421Which of the plants will be true-breeding? A) 1 and 4 only B) 2 and 3 only C) 1, 2, 3, and 4 D) 1 only E) 1 and 2 onlyA38
1007592422The following questions refer to the pedigree chart in Figure 14.2 for a family, some of whose members exhibit the dominant trait, W. Affected individuals are indicated by a dark square or circle. What is the genotype of individual II-5? A) WW B) Ww C) ww D) WW or ww E) ww or WwC39
1007592423What is the likelihood that the progeny of IV-3 and IV-4 will have the trait? A) 0% B) 25% C) 50% D) 75% E) 100%C40
1007592424What is the probability that individual III-1 is Ww? A) 3/4 B) 1/4 C) 2/4 D) 2/3 E) 1E41
1007592425Use the following pedigree (Figure 14.3) for a family in which dark-shaded symbols represent individuals with one of the two major types of colon cancer. Numbers under the symbols are the individual's age at the time of diagnosis. A) homozygous for a gene for colon cancer B) homozygous for both cancer alleles from his mother C) heterozygous for a gene for colon cancer D) affected by the same colon cancer environmental factor as his mother E) carrier of all of the several known genes for colon cancerC42
1007592426In each generation of this family after generation I, the age at diagnosis is significantly lower than would be found in nonfamilial (sporadic) cases of this cancer (~ 63 years). What is the most likely reason? A) Members of this family know to be checked for colon cancer early in life. B) Hereditary (or familial) cases of this cancer typically occur at earlier ages than do nonfamilial forms. C) This is pure chance; it would not be expected if you were to look at a different family. D) This cancer requires mutations in more than this one gene. E) Affected members of this family are born with colon cancer, and it can be detected whenever they are first tested.B43
1007592427From this pedigree, how does this trait seem to be inherited? A) from mothers B) as an autosomal recessive C) as a result of epistasis D) as an autosomal dominant E) as an incomplete dominantD44
1007592428The affected woman in generation IV is thinking about her future and asks her oncologist (cancer specialist) whether she can know whether any or all of her children will have a high risk of the same cancer. The doctor would be expected to advise which of the following? I. genetic counseling II. prenatal diagnosis when/if she becomes pregnant III. testing to see whether she has the allele IV. testing to see whether her future spouse or partner has the allele A) I only B) II only C) I and II only D) I, II, and III only E) III and IV onlyC45
1007592429Two true-breeding stocks of pea plants are crossed. One parent has red, axial flowers and the other has white, terminal flowers; all F1 individuals have red, axial flowers. The genes for flower color and location assort independently. 47) If 1,000 F2 offspring resulted from the cross, approximately how many of them would you expect to have red, terminal flowers? A) 65 B) 190 C) 250 D) 565 E) 750B46
1007592430Among the F2 offspring, what is the probability of plants with white axial flowers? A) 9/16 B) 1/16 C) 3/16 D) 1/8 E) 1/4C47
1007592431Labrador retrievers are black, brown, or yellow. In a cross of a black female with a brown male, results can be either all black puppies, 1/2 black to 1/2 brown puppies, or 3/4 black to 1/4 yellow puppies. 49) These results indicate which of the following? A) Brown is dominant to black. B) Black is dominant to brown and to yellow. C) Yellow is dominant to black. D) There is incomplete dominance. E) Epistasis is involved.E48
1007592432How many genes must be responsible for these coat colors in Labrador retrievers? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5B49
1007592433In one type cross of black × black, the results were as follows: 9/16 black 4/16 yellow 3/16 brown The genotype aabb must result in which of the following? A) black B) brown C) yellow D) a lethal result E) whiteC50
1007592434Radish flowers may be red, purple, or white. A cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant yields all-purple offspring. The part of the radish we eat may be oval or long, with long being the dominant characteristic. 52) If true-breeding red long radishes are crossed with true-breeding white oval radishes, the F1 will be expected to be which of the following? A) red and long B) red and oval C) white and long D) purple and long E) purple and ovalD51
1007592435In the F2 generation of the above cross, which of the following phenotypic ratios would be expected? A) 9:3:3:1 B) 9:4:3 C) 1:1:1:1 D) 1:1:1:1:1:1 E) 6:3:3:2:1:1E52
1007592436The flower color trait in radishes is an example of which of the following? A) a multiple allelic system B) sex linkage C) codominance D) incomplete dominance E) epistasisD53
1007592437Drosophila (fruit flies) usually have long wings (+) but mutations in two different genes can result in bent wings (bt) or vestigial wings (vg). 55) If a homozygous bent wing fly is mated with a homozygous vestigial wing fly, which of the following offspring would you expect? A) all +bt +vg heterozygotes B) 1/2 bent and 1/2 vestigial flies C) all homozygous + flies D) 3/4 bent to 1/4 vestigial ratio E) 1/2 bent and vestigial to 1/2 normalA54
1007592438If flies that are heterozygous for both the bent wing gene and the vestigial wing gene are mated, what is the probability of offspring with bent wings only? A) 1/8 B) 3/8 C) 1/4 D) 9/16 E) 3/16E55
1007592439A dwarf, red snapdragon is crossed with a plant homozygous for tallness and white flowers. What are the genotype and phenotype of the F1 individuals? A) ttRr—dwarf and pink B) ttrr—dwarf and white C) TtRr—tall and red D) TtRr—tall and pink E) TTRR—tall and redD56
1007592440If snapdragons are heterozygous for height as well as for flower color, a mating between them will result in what ratio? A) 9:3:3:1 B) 6:3:3:2:1:1 C) 1:2:1 D) 27:9:9:9:3:3:3:1 E) 9:4:3B57
1007592441Skin color in a certain species of fish is inherited via a single gene with four different alleles. 59) How many different types of gametes would be possible in this system? A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 8 E) 16C58
1007592442One fish of this type has alleles 1 and 3 (S1S3) and its mate has alleles 2 and 4 (S2S4). If each allele confers a unit of color darkness such that S1 has one unit, S2 has two units, and so on, then what proportion of their offspring would be expected to have five units of color? A) 1/4 B) 1/5 C) 1/8 D) 1/2 E) 0D59
1007592443Gene S controls the sharpness of spines in a type of cactus. Cactuses with the dominant allele, S, have sharp spines, whereas homozygous recessive ss cactuses have dull spines. At the same time, a second gene, N, determines whether or not cactuses have spines. Homozygous recessive nn cactuses have no spines at all. 61) The relationship between genes S and N is an example of A) incomplete dominance. B) epistasis. C) complete dominance. D) pleiotropy. E) codominance.B60
1007592444A cross between a true-breeding sharp-spined cactus and a spineless cactus would produce A) all sharp-spined progeny. B) 50% sharp-spined, 50% dull-spined progeny. C) 25% sharp-spined, 50% dull-spined, 25% spineless progeny. D) all spineless progeny. E) It is impossible to determine the phenotypes of the progeny.A61
1007592445If doubly heterozygous SsNn cactuses were allowed to self-pollinate, the F2 would segregate in which of the following ratios? A) 3 sharp-spined:1 spineless B) 1 sharp-spined:2 dull-spined:1 spineless C) 1 sharp-spined:1 dull-spined:1 spineless D) 1 sharp-spined:1 dull-spined E) 9 sharp-spined:3 dull-spined:4 spinelessE62
1007592446Feather color in budgies is determined by two different genes, Y and B, one for pigment on the outside and one for the inside of the feather. YYBB, YyBB, or YYBb is green; yyBB or yyBb is blue; YYbb or Yybb is yellow; and yybb is white. 64) A blue budgie is crossed with a white budgie. Which of the following results is not possible? A) green offspring only B) yellow offspring only C) blue offspring only D) green and yellow offspring E) a 9:3:3:1 ratioD63
1007592447Two blue budgies were crossed. Over the years, they produced 22 offspring, 5 of which were white. What are the most likely genotypes for the two blue budgies? A) yyBB and yyBB B) yyBB and yyBb C) yyBb and yyBb D) yyBB and yybb E) yyBb and yybbC64
1007592448A woman who has blood type A positive has a daughter who is type O positive and a son who is type B negative. Rh positive is a trait that shows simple dominance over Rh negative and is designated by the alleles R and r, respectively. A third gene for the MN blood group has codominant alleles M and N. 66) Which of the following is a possible partial genotype for the son? A) IBIB B) IBIA C) ii D) IBi E) IAIAD65
1007592449Which of the following is a possible genotype for the mother? A) IAIA B) IBIB C) ii D) IAi E) IAIBD66
1007592450Which of the following is a possible phenotype for the father? A) A negative B) O negative C) B positive D) AB negative E) impossible to determineC67
1007592451If both children are of blood type M, which of the following is possible? A) Each parent is either M or MN. B) Each parent must be type M. C) Both children are heterozygous for this gene. D) Neither parent can have the N allele. E) The MN blood group is recessive to the ABO blood group.A68
1007592452Humanoids on the newly explored planet Brin (in a hypothetical galaxy in ~50 years from the present) have a gene structure similar to our own, but many very different plants and animals. 70) One species of a small birdlike animal has an extremely variable tail length, which is a highly polymorphic trait. Geneticists have come to realize that there are eight separate genes for tail length per haploid genome, with each gene having two alleles. One allele for each gene (a, b, and so on) increases the length by 1 cm, whereas the other allele (a2, b2, and so on) increases it by 0.5 cm. One bird was analyzed and found to have the following genotype: a1a1b2b2c1c2d1d2e2e2f1f2g1g1h1h2 What is the length of its tail? A) 6 cm B) 8 cm C) 12 cm D) 24 cm E) 36 cmC69
1007592453One species of green plant, with frondlike leaves, a spine-coated stem, and purple cup-shaped flowers, is found to be self-pollinating. Which of the following is true of this species? A) The species must be haploid. B) Its reproduction is asexual. C) All members of the species have the same genotype. D) Some of the seeds would have true-breeding traits. E) All of its dominant traits are most frequent.B70
1007592454If the environmental parameters, such as temperature, humidity, atmosphere, sunlight, and so on, are mostly Earthlike, which of the following do you expect of its types of leaves, stems, and flowers? A) The genes for them would have originated on Earth. B) Genes for these traits would have a common ancestor with those from Earth. C) Such plants could be safely eaten by humans. D) Genotypes for these traits would be identical to Earth plants with the same traits. E) Phenotypes would be selected for or against by these environmental factors.E71
1007592455Marfan syndrome in humans is caused by an abnormality of the connective tissue protein fibrillin. Patients are usually very tall and thin, with long spindly fingers, curvature of the spine, sometimes weakened arterial walls, and sometimes ocular problems, such as lens dislocation. Which of the following would you conclude about Marfan syndrome from this information? A) It is recessive. B) It is dominant. C) It has a late age of onset (> 60). D) It is pleiotropic. E) It is epistatic.D72

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!