Campbell's Biology Chapters 8-10 Vocabulary (Unit Test)
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| 1297181713 | metabolism | the totality of an organism's chemical reactions. | 1 | |
| 1297181714 | catabolic pathway | a metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. | 2 | |
| 1297181715 | anabolic pathway | a metabolic pathway that synthesizes a complex molecule from simpler compounds. | 3 | |
| 1297181716 | kinetic energy | the energy of motion, which is directly related to the speed of that motion. | 4 | |
| 1297181717 | potential energy | the energy stored by matter as a result of its location or spatial arrangement. | 5 | |
| 1297181718 | chemical energy | energy stored in the chemical bonds of molecules; a form of potential energy. | 6 | |
| 1297181719 | first law of thermodynamics | the principle of conservation of energy. energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. | 7 | |
| 1297181720 | second law of thermodynamics | the principle whereby every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. | 8 | |
| 1297181721 | exergonic reaction | a spontaneous chemical reaction, in which there is a net release of free energy. | 9 | |
| 1297181722 | endergonic reaction | a non-spontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings. | 10 | |
| 1297181723 | adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed | 11 | |
| 1297181724 | phosphorylated | referring to a molecule that has been the recipient of a phosphate group. | 12 | |
| 1297181725 | catalyst | a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. | 13 | |
| 1297181726 | enzyme | a protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. | 14 | |
| 1297181727 | activation energy | the amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start. | 15 | |
| 1297181728 | substrate | the reactant on which an enzyme works. | 16 | |
| 1297181729 | enzyme-substrate complex | a temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s). | 17 | |
| 1297181730 | active site | the specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical bonds. | 18 | |
| 1297181731 | induced fit | the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate, induced by entry of the substrate. | 19 | |
| 1297181732 | competitive inhibitors | a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics. | 20 | |
| 1297181733 | noncompetitive inhibitors | a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate. | 21 | |
| 1297181734 | fermentation | a catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. | 22 | |
| 1297181735 | cellular respiration | the most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel. | 23 | |
| 1297181736 | redox reaction | a chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction. | 24 | |
| 1297181737 | oxidation | the loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction. | 25 | |
| 1297181738 | reduction | the addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction. | 26 | |
| 1297181739 | NAD+ | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in all cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox reactions of metabolism. | 27 | |
| 1297181740 | electron transport chain | a sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP. | 28 | |
| 1297181741 | glycolysis | the splitting of glucose into pyruvate. | 29 | |
| 1297181742 | citric acid cycle | a chemical cycle that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide | 30 | |
| 1297181743 | acetyl CoA | the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration | 31 | |
| 1297181744 | ATP synthase | provides a port through which hydrogen ions diffuse back into the matrix of a mitrochondrion. | 32 | |
| 1297181745 | alcohol fermentation | the conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol. | 33 | |
| 1297181746 | lactic acid fermentation | the conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide. | 34 | |
| 1297181747 | NADP+ | an acceptor that temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions. | 35 | |
| 1297181748 | chlorophyll a | a type of blue-green photosynthetic pigment that participates directly in the light reactions. | 36 | |
| 1297181749 | chlorophyll b | a type of yellow-green accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a. | 37 | |
| 1297181750 | C3 Plants | A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate. | 38 | |
| 1297181751 | CAM pathway | Carbon dioxide entering open stomata during the night is converted into organic acids, which release carbon dioxide for the Calvin cycle during the day, when stomata are closed. | 39 |
