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| 514480237 | Macromolecules | Very large polymers formed by the joining of smaller monomers | |
| 514480238 | Types of Macromolecules | 1. Carbohydrates 2. Nucleic Acids 3. Proteins 4. Lipids | |
| 514480239 | Carbohyrdates | Made up of Monosaccharides. Used as energy, cell walls and plant structure. (Potatoes,Cellulose) | |
| 514480240 | Nucleic Acids | Made up of Nucleotides, and contain genetic info, energy and are responsible for energy tranfer process (DNA,RNA,ATP) | |
| 514480241 | Proteins | Made up of Amino Acids, and they are for support structure, and as a catalysts(Enzymes, skin) Enzymes, defense, storage, transport, hormonal regulation, receptors, contractile and motor support. Diverse as proteins are, they are all unbranched polymers constructed from the same set of 20 amino acids. Polymers of amino acids are called polypeptides. A protein is a biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides, each folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure. | |
| 514480242 | Lipids | Made up of Glycerol and Fatty Acids. Used for energy storage, and cell membrane. (Wax, oil, fat) Do NOT form polymers | |
| 514480243 | Dehydration Reaction | A reaction in which two molecules are covalenty bonded to each other, with the loss of a water molecule. This reaction is repeated, which creates a polymer. | |
| 514480244 | Hydrolysis | Polymers are dissasembled to monomers by hydrolysis, a process that is the reverse of the dehydration reaction. To break using water. | |
| 514480245 | Monosaccharides | 1 sugar unit; simple carbohydrates. They taste sweet and are soluble in water, classified by location of carboxyl group(-OH), 1st carbon is a aldose, ketose if at the 2nd carbon, and the number of carbons. Form rings while in water, serve as major fuel cells and raw material for building. | |
| 514480246 | Trioses | Glyceraldehyde, Dihydroxyacetone | |
| 514480247 | Pentoses | Ribose, Ribulose and Deoxyribose | |
| 514480248 | Hexoses | Glucose, Galactose and Fructose | |
| 514480249 | Sucrose | Glucose + Fructuse, used as a transport sugar used in plants, harvested for use in food | |
| 514480250 | Lactose | Glucose + galactose, present in milk | |
| 514480251 | Disacchardides | 2 sugar units bonded by a Glycosidic Linkage | |
| 514480252 | Polysaccharides | Straight or branched chain of 100's and 100's of monosaccharides | |
| 514480253 | Starch | Plant storage form of energy, unbranched coiled chains, easily hydrolized into glucose units | |
| 514480254 | Cellulose | Fiberlike structural material in plant cell walls, tough and invisible. | |
| 514480255 | Glycogen | Highly branced chain used by animals to store energy in muscles and the liver | |
| 514480256 | Chitin | A specialized polysaccharide with Nitrogen attached to glucose units, structurial material in arthropod exoskeltons and fungal cell walls | |
| 514480257 | Maltose | Glucose + glucose, present in germinating seeeds | |
| 514480258 | Fatty Acid's | Long chains of Carbon, 16-18, and Hydrogen with a COOH (Carboxyl) group at one end | |
| 514480259 | Fats | A lipid, mainly used for energy storage. | |
| 514480260 | Adipose Cells | Tissues that the fat is stored in, used to cusion vital organs and insulate the body | |
| 514480261 | Saturated Fatty Acids | The maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds. Fat is solid at room temperature when made from saturated fatty acids | |
| 514480262 | Unsaturated Fattty Acids | have one or more double bonds. Fats made from unsaturated fatty acids are called unsaturated fats or oils, and are liquid at room temperature. Plant fats and fish fats are usually unsaturated. | |
| 514480263 | Hydrogenation | The process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen. Hydrogenating vegetable oils also creates unsaturated fats with trans double bonds. These trans fats may contribute more than saturated fats to cardiovascular disease. | |
| 514480264 | Essential Fatty acids | Certain unsaturated fatty acids are not synthesized in the human body. These must be supplied in the diet. These essential fatty acids include the omega-3 fatty acids, required for normal growth, and thought to provide protection against cardiovascular disease. | |
| 514480265 | Phospholipids | Consist of 2 fatty acids, 1 glycerol, and 1 small polar Phosphate group. Produces a hydrophillic head and 2 hydropobic tails. Spontaneously form micelles or lipid bilayers, the basis of biological membranes | |
| 514480266 | Waxes | Water repellant coatings, formed by long chain fatty acids to long chain alchohols. Plant and animal coverings | |
| 514480267 | Steroids | Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings. Incudes cholesterol, vitamin D, and sex hormones | |
| 514480268 | Cholesterol | An important steroid, is a componet in animal cell membranes | |
| 514480269 | Enzymes | Biological catalysts | |
| 514480270 | Amino Acids | Small organic molecules with an amino group(NH2), a carboxyl group(Cooh), and one of 20 varying R groups. There are 20 different amino acids, these common amino acids are grouped into five classes based on side groups; nonpolar amino acids, polar amino acids, charged amino acids. | |
| 514480271 | Peptide Bond | Is formed when Dehydration Reaction between 2 amino acids | |
| 514480272 | Protein Structure | A functional protein consists of one or more polypeptides precisely twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape. | |
| 514480273 | Protein Denaturation | High temperature or changes in PH can cause a loss of protein's normal 3-D shape, normal function is lost, which is often irreversible. | |
| 514480274 | Chaperonins | Protein molecules that promote and assist the proper folding of other proteins. | |
| 514480275 | Nucleotides | Monomers of Nucleic acids | |
| 514480276 | Polynucleotides | Polymers of nucleic acids | |
| 514480277 | Nucleic Acids | Two types DNA and RNA. | |
| 514480278 | DNA | A double stranded helix carrying encoded hereditary instructions. Sugar is deoxyribose, Nitrogenous bases AGCT. Provides directions for the replication of itself and RNA, using mrna. | |
| 514480279 | RNA | A single stranded molecule which functions in translating the code to build proteins. Sugar is ribose, Nitrogenous bases - AGCU, Single Strand | |
| 514480280 | Nucletotide Structure | A 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), a nitrogen base, and one or more phosphate groups. The portion of a nucleotide without a phosphate group is called a nuceloside. | |
| 514480281 | polar molecule | A molecule (such as water) with opposite charges on different ends of the molecule. [3.1] | |
| 514480282 | cohesion | The binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds. [3.2] | |
| 514480283 | adhesion | The attraction between different kinds of molecules. [3.2] | |
| 514480284 | surface tension | A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules. [3.2] | |
| 514480285 | kinetic energy | The energy associated with the relative motion of objects. Moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter. [3.2] | |
| 514480286 | heat | The total amount of kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms or molecules in a body of matter; also called thermal energy. Heat is energy in its most random form. [3.2] | |
| 514480287 | temperature | A measure of the intensity of heat in degrees, reflecting the average kinetic energy of the molecules. [3.2] | |
| 514480288 | Celsius scale | A temperature scale (°C) equal to 5/9(°F - 32) that measures the freezing point of water at 0°C and the boiling point of water at 100°C. [3.2] | |
| 514480289 | calorie (cal) | The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C; also the amount of heat energy that 1 g of water releases when it cools by 1°C. The Calorie (with a capital C), usually used to indicate the energy content of food, is a kilocalorie. [3.2] | |
| 514480290 | kilocalerie (kcal) | A thousand calories; the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C. [3.2] | |
| 514480291 | joule (J) | A unit of energy: 1 J = 0.239 cal; 1 cal = 4.184 J. [3.2] | |
| 514480292 | specific heat | The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1°C. [3.2] | |
| 514480293 | heat of vaporization | The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state. [3.2] | |
| 514480294 | evaporative cooling | The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a change of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy from the liquid to the gaseous state. [3.2] | |
| 514480295 | solution | A liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. [3.2] | |
| 514480296 | solvent | The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known. [3.2] | |
| 514480297 | solute | A substance that is dissolved on a solution. [3.2] | |
| 514480298 | aqueous solution | A solution in which water is the solvent. [3.2] | |
| 514480299 | hydration shell | The sphere of water molecules around a dissolved ion. [3.2] | |
| 514480300 | hydrophilic | Having an affinity for water. [3.2] | |
| 514480301 | colloid | A mixture made up of a liquid and particles that (because of their large size) remain suspended rather than dissolved in that liquid. [3.2] | |
| 514480302 | hydrophobic | Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water. [3.2] | |
| 514480303 | molecular mass | The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight. [3.2] | |
| 514480304 | mole (mol) | The number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadro's number of molecules (6.02 x 10^23). [3.2] | |
| 514480305 | molarity | A common measure of solute concentration, referring to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. [3.2] | |
| 514480306 | hydrogen ion | A single proton with a charge of 1+. The dissociation of a water molecule (H2O) leads to the generation of a hydroxide ion (OH-) and a hydrogen ion (H+). [3.3] | |
| 514480307 | hydroxide ion | A water molecule that has lost a proton; OH-. [3.3] | |
| 514480308 | hydronium ion | A water molecule that has an extra proton bound to it; H3O+. [3.3] | |
| 514480309 | acid | A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. (pH 0-6) [3.3] | |
| 514480310 | base | A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. (pH 8-14) [3.3] | |
| 514480311 | pH | A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log [H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14. [3.3] | |
| 514480312 | water | 7 on the pH scale, neutral. [3.3] | |
| 514480313 | buffer | A substance that consists of acid and base forms in a solution and that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution. [3.3] | |
| 514480314 | acidic precipitation | Rain, snow, or fog that is more acidic than pH 5.2. [3.3] | |
| 514480315 | matter | Anything that takes up space and has mass. [2.1] | |
| 514480316 | element | Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by chemical reactions. [2.1] | |
| 514480317 | compound | A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio. [2.1] | |
| 514480318 | trace element | An element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts. [2.1] | |
| 514480319 | atom | The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. [2.2] | |
| 514480320 | neutrons | A subatomic particle having no electrical charge (electrically neutral), with a mass of about 1.7 10−24 g, found in the nucleus of an atom. [2.2] | |
| 514480321 | protons | A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, with a mass of about 1.7 10−24 g, found in the nucleus of an atom. [2.2] | |
| 514480322 | electrons | A subatomic particle with a single negative electrical charge and a mass about 1/2,000 that of a neutron or proton. One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom. [2.2] | |
| 514480323 | atomic nucleus | An atom's dense central core, containing protons and neutrons. [2.2] | |
| 514480324 | dalton | A measure of mass for atoms and subatomic particles; the same as the atomic mass unit, or amu. [2.2] | |
| 514480325 | atomic number | The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol. [2.2] | |
| 514480326 | mass number | The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus. [2.2] | |
| 514480327 | atomic mass | The total mass of an atom, which is the mass in grams of 1 mole of the atom. [2.2] | |
| 514480328 | isotopes | One of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, thus differing in atomic mass. [2.2] | |
| 514480329 | radioactive isotope | An isotope (an atomic form of a chemical element) that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy. [2.2] | |
| 514480330 | energy | The capacity to cause change, especially to do work (to move matter against an opposing force). [2.2] | |
| 514480331 | potential energy | The energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement (structure). [2.2] | |
| 514480332 | electron shells | An energy level of electrons at a characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom. [2.2] | |
| 514480333 | valence electrons | An electron in the outermost electron shell. [2.2] | |
| 514480334 | valence shell | The outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom. [2.2] | |
| 514480335 | orbital | The three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time. [2.2] | |
| 514480336 | chemical bond | An attraction between two atoms, resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms. The bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells. [2.3] | |
| 514480337 | covalent bond | A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons. [2.3] | |
| 514480338 | molecule | Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. [2.3] | |
| 514480339 | single bond | A single covalent bond; the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms. [2.3] | |
| 514480340 | structural formula | A type of molecular notation in which the constituent atoms are joined by lines representing covalent bonds. [2.3] | |
| 514480341 | molecular formula | A type of molecular notation representing the quantity of constituent atoms, but not the nature of the bonds that join them. [2.3] | |
| 514480342 | double bond | A double covalent bond; the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons by two atoms. [2.3] | |
| 514480343 | valence | The bonding capacity of a given atom; usually equals the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the atom's outermost (valence) shell. [2.3] | |
| 514480344 | electronegativity | The attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond. [2.3] | |
| 514480345 | nonpolar covalent bond | A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity. [2.3] | |
| 514480346 | polar covalent bond | A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive. [2.3] | |
| 514480347 | ion | An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge. [2.3] | |
| 514480348 | cation | A positively charged ion. [2.3] | |
| 514480349 | anion | A negatively charged ion. [2.3] | |
| 514480350 | ionic bond | A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions. [2.3] | |
| 514480351 | ionic compound | A compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called a salt. [2.3] | |
| 514480352 | hydrogen bond | A type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule. [2.3] | |
| 514480353 | van der Waals interactions | Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from localized charge fluctuations. [2.3] | |
| 514480354 | chemical reactions | The making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter. [2.4] | |
| 514480355 | reactant | A starting material in a chemical reaction. [2.4] | |
| 514480356 | product | A material resulting from a chemical reaction. [2.4] | |
| 514480357 | chemical equilibrium | In a chemical reaction, the state in which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction, so that the relative concentrations of the reactants and products do not change with time. [2.4] | |
| 514480358 | evolution | Descent with modification; the change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation. [1.1] | |
| 514480359 | biology | The scientific study of life. [1.1] | |
| 514480360 | emergent properties | New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases. [1.1] | |
| 514480361 | levels of biological organization | Biosphere->Ecosystems->Communities->Populations->Organisms->Organ Systems->Organs->Tissues->Cells->Organelles->Molecules [1.1] | |
| 514480362 | biosphere | All the environments of Earth that are inhabited by life. [1.1] | |
| 514480363 | ecosystem | All living things in a particular area, along with all the nonliving components of the environment with which life interacts. [1.1] | |
| 514480364 | communities | The entire array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem. [1.1] | |
| 514480365 | populations | Consisting of all the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area. [1.1] | |
| 514480366 | organisms | Individual living things. [1.1] | |
| 514480367 | organ systems | Team of organs that cooperate in a specific function, (ex) digestion. [1.1] | |
| 514480368 | organs | These carry out a particular function of the body. [1.1] | |
| 514480369 | tissue | A group of similar cells, usually making up a part of something bigger. [1.1] | |
| 514480370 | cells | Life's fundamental unit of structure and function. [1.1] | |
| 514480371 | organelles | The various functional components that make up cells. [1.1] | |
| 514480372 | molecules | A chemical structure consisting of two or more small chemical units called atoms. [1.1] | |
| 514480373 | systems biology | An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems. [1.1] | |
| 514480374 | eukaryotic cell | A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles. [1.1] | |
| 514480375 | prokaryotic cell | A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. [1.1] | |
| 514480376 | DNA | A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule, consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins. [1.1] | |
| 514480377 | genes | A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses). [1.1] | |
| 514480378 | genome | The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences. [1.1] | |
| 514480379 | bioinformatics | The use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets. [1.1] | |
| 514480380 | negative feedback | A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change. [1.1] | |
| 514480381 | positive feedback | A physiological control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change. [1.1] | |
| 514480382 | domains | (1) A taxonomic category above the kingdom level. [1.2] | |
| 514480383 | bacteria, archaea | The two prokaryotic domains. [1.2] | |
| 514480384 | eukarya | Non prokaryotes belong in this domain. [1.2] | |
| 514480385 | discovery science | The process of scientific inquiry that focuses on describing nature. [1.3] | |
| 514480386 | inquiry | The search for information and explanation, often focused by specific questions. [1.3] | |
| 514480387 | data | Recorded observations. [1.3] | |
| 514480388 | inductive reasoning | A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations. [1.3] | |
| 514480389 | hypothesis | A tentative answer to a well-framed question, narrower in scope than a theory and subject to testing. [1.3] | |
| 514480390 | deductive reasoning | A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise. [1.3] | |
| 514480391 | controlled experiment | An experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested. [1.3] | |
| 514480392 | theory | An explanation that is broad in scope, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence. [1.3] | |
| 514480393 | model | A representation of a theory of process. [1.3] | |
| 514480394 | technology | The application of scientific knowledge for a specific purpose, often involving industry or commerce but also including uses in basic research. [1.3] | |
| 514480395 | Cell junctions | connections between cells that hold the cells together as a unit | |
| 514480396 | Cell theory | states that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells | |
| 514480397 | cell wall | a protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists. protects and helps cell maintain shape | |
| 514480398 | Central Vacuole | A membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development | |
| 514480399 | chloroplasts | sites of photosynthesis; found only in plants and algae | |
| 514480400 | Chromatin | Within the nucleus; a fibrous material made of DNA and proteins | |
| 514480401 | cilia | short hair-like projections that help the cell move | |
| 514480402 | Cristae | An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP | |
| 514480403 | cytoplasm | goo inside of cell | |
| 514480404 | Cytosol | A semifluid substance within the membrane of cells; where organelles are found | |
| 514480405 | Electron microscope | A microscope that instead of using light, focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or on its surface | |
| 514480406 | Endomembrane System | The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles | |
| 514480407 | endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | within the cytoplasm, little net. extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cell | |
| 514480408 | eukaryotic cells | has a membrane -enclosed nucleus and other membrane- enclosed organelles | |
| 514480409 | extracellular matrix (ECM) | animal cells produe. layer helps hold together in tissues and protects and supports the plasma membrane. main component of ECM is glycoprotein. | |
| 514480410 | flagella | long tail-like projections that help the orgainsm move around | |
| 514480411 | Fluid mosaic | the phospholipids of the plasma membrane are in constant motion | |
| 514480412 | Food Vacuoles | formed by phacogytosis; pinches off of the plasma membrane and encloses a food particle | |
| 514480413 | Golgi apparatus | accepts proteins and transports them to where they need to be. it also gets rid of sugar (glyco. - protein) | |
| 514480414 | grana | (granum) chloroplast's solar power packs | |
| 514480415 | Light microscope | works by passing visible light through the specimen such as a microogrganism or a thin slice of animal or plant tissue | |
| 514480416 | Lysosomal Storage Disease | A hereditary disorder associated with abnormal lysosomes, where the sufferer is missing one of the lysosomal digestive enzymes | |
| 514480417 | lysosome | a cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes | |
| 514480418 | magnification | an increase in the apparent size of an object | |
| 514480419 | Matrix | the body substance in which tissue cells are embedded | |
| 514480420 | microtubules | the thickest of the three types of fibers that make up cytoskeleton; | |
| 514480421 | Mitochondria | sites of cellular respiration (catabolic process that generates ATP); uses oxygen | |
| 514480422 | Nuclear Envelope | The membrane in eukaryotes that encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm | |
| 514480423 | nucleotis | center of nucleus which holds DNA and where ribosomes turn messenger RNA into proteins | |
| 514480424 | nucleus | library-keeps DNA/info necessary for everything in cell to function | |
| 514480425 | Plasma membrane | at the boundary of every cell, functions as a selective barrier; made of phospholipids and proteins | |
| 514480426 | prokaryotic cells | lacks a membrane--enclosed nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles Ex. bacteria and archae | |
| 514480427 | Resolving power | A measure of the clarity of the image; it is the minimum distance two points can be separated and still be distinguished as two separate points | |
| 514480428 | Organelles | tiny structures that carry out functions necessary for the cell to stay alive | |
| 514480429 | ribosomes | turn messenger RNA into proteins | |
| 514480430 | rough ER | has ribosomes that stud the outer surface of the membrane | |
| 514480431 | scanning electron microscope (SEM) | uses an electron beam to study the surface architecture of a cell or other specimen | |
| 514480432 | Smooth ER | part of the ER where the cytoplasmic surface lacks ribosomes | |
| 514480433 | stroma | thick fluid enclosed by the inner membrane of a chloroplast | |
| 514480434 | Transmission electron microscope (TEM) | an electron microscope commonly used to study the internal structure of cells | |
| 514480435 | Transport Vesicle | A tiny membranous sac in a cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell | |
| 514480436 | vacuole | stores water and nutrients for the cell |
