Tour of the Cell
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| 988716519 | Cell | -Is the fundamental unit of life -All living things are made of cells -The cell is the simplest collection of matter that can be alive -Cytology is the study of cells | 1 | |
| 988716520 | Scientists that discovered cells | -Robert Hooke was the first to see cell walls in a dead oak tree sample -Antoni van Leeuwenhoek was the first to visualize living cells -Study progressed w/ invention and improvement of the microscope | 2 | |
| 988716521 | Types of microscopes | -Light microscopes (LM) -Electron microscopes (EM, SEM, TEM) | 3 | |
| 988716522 | Light microscope | -Visible light is passed through the specimen then magnified by lenses -Level of magnification, resolution, and contrast are important factors in microscopy | 4 | |
| 988716523 | Advantages/Disadvantages of LM | -can view living cells -can't magnify nearly as much as EM -cheaper than EM | 5 | |
| 988716524 | Electron microscope | -beam of electrons is shot at specimen and then translated onto a video screen -Scanning (SEM) detail the topography of a specimen, give 3-D view of surface -Transmission (TEM) used to study internal structure of cells | 6 | |
| 988716525 | Advantages/Disadvantages of EM | -Cells have to be dead to study them on an EM -Can magnify 100x better than light microscopes -Useful in studying organelles | 7 | |
| 988716526 | Eukaryotic Cells | -Make up protists, fungi, plants, animals -Contain membrane bound nucleus -Much larger than prokaryotes | 8 | |
| 988716527 | Prokaryotic Cells | -Make up bacteria and archea -Have a "nucleoid" which is the region that chromosomes are in | 9 | |
| 988716528 | Animal Cells' Unique Traits | -Contain lysosomes -Contain centrosomes with centrioles -Can have flagella | 10 | |
| 988716529 | Plant Cells' Unique Traits | -Choloplasts -Central Vacuole -Cell Wall -Plasmodesmata | 11 | |
| 988716530 | Nucleus | Contains most genes of the eukaryotic cell (some are contained in mitochondria and choloplasts) | 12 | |
| 988716531 | Nuclear Envelope | -Double membrane that encloses nucleus -Has pore complexes that deal with transport of RNA, proteins, and ribosomes | 13 | |
| 988716532 | Nuclear Lamina | array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus | 14 | |
| 988716533 | Nuclear Matrix | framework of protein fibers extending throughout the nuclear interior | 15 | |
| 988716534 | Chromosomes | -structures that carry genetic info -contain 1 long DNA molecule wrapped in proteins -are usually only visible when the cell is dividing, at other times its just a mass of chromatin | 16 | |
| 988716535 | Chromatin | DNA and the proteins that it associates with. Forms the chromosomes. | 17 | |
| 988716536 | Nucleolus | A specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes and rRNA | 18 | |
| 988716537 | Ribosomes | A cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits. | 19 | |
| 988716538 | 2 Types of Ribosomes | -Free: suspended in the cytosol -Bound: attached to ER or nuclear envelope | 20 | |
| 988716539 | Endomembrane System | -different membranes of the eukaryotic cell, include: nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi, lysosomes, vesicles, vacuoles, and the plasma membrane -Carries out protein synthesis, transport of proteins, metabolism and transport of lipids, detoxification of poisons | 21 | |
| 988716540 | Vesicles | Bubbles of membrane that carry molecules around the cell | 22 | |
| 988716541 | Endoplasmic Reticulum | A system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids. | 23 | |
| 988716542 | Smooth ER | -Lacks ribosomes -synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies (by adding hydroxyls), stores calcium ions | 24 | |
| 988716543 | Rough ER | -Has ribosomes -makes secratory proteins -membrane factory of the cell -makes membrane phospholipids | 25 | |
| 988716544 | Golgi Apparatus | -consists of stacks of flattened sacs yo that are not connected -receives vesicles from ER, modifies them as they moves from the cis- face to the trans- face (shipping face) -Transports them in vesicles when they leave -Also manufacture macromolecules like polysaccharides | 26 | |
| 988716545 | Lysosome | - membrane-bound vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes involved in intracellular digestion of macromolecules -They are made in the ER then transferred to Golgi for more processing -Do phagocytosis and autophagy | 27 | |
| 988716546 | Phagocytosis | lysosomes digest food | 28 | |
| 988716547 | Autophagy | lysosomes break down damaged organelles | 29 | |
| 988716548 | Vacuoles | -large vesicles derived from ER and Golgi than transport solutes -Food Vacuoles: hold nutrients -Contractile Vacuoles: pump excess water out of the cell | 30 | |
| 988716549 | Central Vacuole | -Only in plants -Contain cell sap, which is the plant's main suppository of inorganic ions | 31 | |
| 988716550 | Mitochondria | -An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. -Enclosed by two membranes with the inner membrane folded; contains its own DNA | 32 | |
| 988716551 | Chloroplasts | -only found in plants and algae -convert solar energy to chemical energy -contain ribosomes and its own DNA | 33 | |
| 988716552 | Endosymbiont theory | The theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism | 34 | |
| 988716553 | Cristae | Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electon transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP | 35 | |
| 988716554 | Mitochondrial Matrix | The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the krebs cycle | 36 | |
| 988716555 | Thylakoids | A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy | 37 | |
| 988716556 | Granum | A stack of thylakoids in a chloroplast | 38 | |
| 988716557 | Stroma | Fluid within a chloroplast that contains enzymes involved in the synthesis of carbohydrates during photosynthesis and the chloroplast DNA | 39 | |
| 988716558 | Plastids | group of plant organelles that are used for storage of starches, lipids, or pigments | 40 | |
| 988716559 | Peroxisome | -Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals -Glyoxysomes are found in fat storing tissues of plant seeds and contain enzymes that initiate the conversion of fatty acids to sugar | 41 | |
| 988716560 | Cytoskeleton | -A network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell; includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules -2 main roles: support and motility | 42 | |
| 988716561 | Motor Proteins | -A protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell. -Bring about bending of cilia and flagella | 43 | |
| 988716562 | Microtubules | -Largest fibers in cytoskeleton -Constructed from the protein tubulin -Tubulin is a dimer (molecule made up of 2 subunits) -Microtubules grow by adding tubulin dimers -2 ends:the plus end can grow and shrink at a high rate | 44 | |
| 988716563 | Centrosomes | -Site where microtubules grow out of -Usually near the nucleus -Only in animal cells -Not required for organized microtubules | 45 | |
| 988716564 | Centrioles | -A pair of these is in a centrosome -They are made of nine sets of triplet microtubules | 46 | |
| 988716565 | Flagella | -A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules, ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane -9+2 arrangement | 47 | |
| 988716566 | Cilia | A short cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane -Same 9+2 arrangement as flagella | 48 | |
| 988716567 | Basal body | -anchors cilia or flagella to cell -similar to a centriole | 49 | |
| 988716568 | Dyneins | in cilia and flagella, a large motor protein extending from one microtubule doublet to the adjacent doublet. ATP hydrolysis drives changes in dynein shape that lead to bending of cilia and flagella | 50 | |
| 988716569 | Microfilaments | -A cable composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cell, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction; also known as an actin filament | 51 | |
| 988716570 | Cortex | Outer cytoplasmic layer of the cell formed by microfilaments just inside the plasma membrane | 52 | |
| 988716571 | Myosin | -Thicker protein filament that interacts with microtubules -"Walks" along actin with projections, which causes movement -Present in muscle cells and causes contraction of them | 53 | |
| 988716572 | Pseudopodia | A temporary footlike extension of a one-celled organism, such as an amoeba, used for moving about and for surrounding and taking in food | 54 | |
| 988716573 | Cytoplasmic Streaming | -circular flow of cytoplasm within cells -speeds up distribution of materials within the cell | 55 | |
| 988716574 | Intermediate filaments | -A component of the cytoskeleton that includes all filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments -More permanent than microtubules and microfilaments -Very sturdy, make up framework of cell | 56 | |
| 988716575 | Cell Wall | -Only in plants, fungi, prokaryotes -Much thicker than plasma membrane -Made of combo of cellulose fibers and matrix | 57 | |
| 988716576 | Primary Cell Wall | In plants, a relatively thin and flexible layer first secreted by a young cell | 58 | |
| 988716577 | Middle Lamella | In plants, a thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young cells | 59 | |
| 988716578 | Secondary Cell Wall | A strong and durable matrix often deposited in several laminated layers for plant cell protection and support | 60 | |
| 988716579 | Extracellular Matrix | -Made of glycoproteins -Main one is collagen -In animal cells | 61 | |
| 988716580 | Proteoglycans | a glycoprotein consisting of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains attached, found in the extracellular matrix of animal cells | 62 | |
| 988716581 | Fibronectin | A glycoprotein that helps cells attach to the extracellular matrix. | 63 | |
| 988716582 | Integrins | -Cell-surface receptor proteins that span the membrane and bind on their cytoplasmic side to associated proteins attached to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton -Transmit signals | 64 | |
| 988716583 | Plasmodesmata | Open channels in the cell wall of a plant through which strands of cytosol connect from an adjacent cell. | 65 |
