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| 7564352350 | organic compound | a compound containing carbon |  | 0 |
| 7564352351 | macromolecules | carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids |  | 1 |
| 7564352352 | hydrocarbons | nonpolar organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen petroleum and gasoline -release large amount of energy |  | 2 |
| 7564352353 | chemical groups | hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl contribute to function primarily by affecting the molecule's shape and give it specific properties |  | 3 |
| 7564352354 | hydroxyl group | compound name: Alcohol (-ol) example: Ethanol |  | 4 |
| 7564352355 | carbonyl | compound name: Ketone (if the carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton) Aldehyde (if the carbonyl group is at the end of a carbon skeleton) examples: Acetone (Ketone) Propanal (Aldehyde) |  | 5 |
| 7564352356 | carboxyl group | ionized at normal cellular pH compound name: Carboxylic acid or Organic acid example: Acetic acid |  | 6 |
| 7564352357 | amino group | ionized at normal cellular pH compound name: Amine example: Glycine |  | 7 |
| 7564352358 | sulfhydryl group | hydrophilic and thus increase the solubility of organic compounds (it is attached to) in water compound name: Thiol example: Cysteine |  | 8 |
| 7564352359 | phosphate group | compound name: Organic phosphate example: glycerol phosphate |  | 9 |
| 7564352360 | methyl group | not chemically reactive but instead often serves as a recognizable tag on biological molecules compound name: Methylated compound example: 5-Methylcystosine |  | 10 |
| 7564352361 | functional groups | hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate the chemical groups that affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions |  | 11 |
| 7564352362 | adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | an organic molecule called adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate groups |  | 12 |
| 7564352363 | adenosine diphosphate (ADP) | an organic molecule called adenosine attached to a string of two phosphate groups (ATP losing one phosphate group as a result of a reaction with water) |  | 13 |
| 7564352364 | polymer | a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds (carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids) A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together. |  | 14 |
| 7564352365 | monomers | the smaller molecules that are the repeating units that serve as building blocks of a polymer; in addition to forming polymers, some have functions of their own A chemical subunit that serves as a building block of a polymer. | | 15 |
| 7564352366 | enzymes | specialized macromolecules (usually proteins) that speed up chemical reactions (make and break down of polymers) in a cell |  | 16 |
| 7564352367 | dehydration reaction | synthesizing a polymer/polymerization: a water molecule is removed/lost and a new bond is formed between monomers (covalent bonds between two monomer molecules) one monomer provides a hydroxyl group (--OH) while the other provides a hydrogen (--H) this reaction is repeated as monomers are added to the chain one by one, making a polymer |  | 17 |
| 7564352368 | hydrolysis | polymers are disassembled to monomers/the reverse of a dehydration reaction the bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule with a hydrogen from water attaching to one monomer and the hydroxyl group attaching to the other monomer |  | 18 |
| 7564352369 | carbohydrates | includes both sugars and polymers of sugars and serve as fuel and building material (sugars vary in the location of their carbonyl groups on a hydrocarbon/carbon skeleton) |  | 19 |
| 7564352370 | monosaccharides | simple sugar CH2O monomer most common form is glucose carbonyl and hydroxyl groups ring structure nutrients glucose, fructose, galactose | | 20 |
| 7564352371 | disaccharide | two monosaccharides joined together sucrose (fructose+glucose) lactose maltose A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis. |  | 21 |
| 7564352372 | glycosidic linkage | a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction |  | 22 |
| 7564352373 | polysaccharide | macromolecule; polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic linkages serve as storage material, building material, protection structure and function is determined by its sugar monomers and by the positions of glycosidic linkages |  | 23 |
| 7564352374 | storage polysaccharides | plants store starch (a polymer of glucose monomers/fuel=stored energy/later released by hydrolysis) *animals including humans have enzymes that can break down starch and obtain glucose/energy/nutrients/fuel animals (humans) store glycogen (a polymer of glucose monomers that is more complex; stored in liver and muscle cells) hydrolysis of glycogen releases glucose when the demand for sugar increases, this stored fuel cannot maintain an animal (human) for long (short/quick/easily burned fuel) |  | 24 |
| 7564352375 | alpha structure | 25 | ||
| 7564352376 | beta structure | 26 | ||
| 7564352377 | structural polysaccharides | strong materials built by organisms cellulose (major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells) mircofibrils few organisms such as cows (not humans) have enzymes in the stomach that can break down cellulose into glucose monomers (prokaryotes) and then convert glucose chitin - the carbohydrate used by arthropods (insects, spiders, crustaceans, etc.) to build their exoskeletons also found in fungi cell walls (similar to cellulose except has a nitrogen component attached to glucose monomer) |  | 27 |
| 7564352378 | lipids | hydrophobic large biological molecules that are not big enough (or contain enough polymers) to be considered macromolecules the hydrophobic behavior is based on the molecules structure (consists mostly of hydrocarbon regions) fats, phospholipids, steroids |  | 28 |
| 7564352379 | fat | energy storage/resevior of fuel constructed from two smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids glycerol is an alcohol (hydroxyl group) fatty acid has a long carbon skeleton (16-18 carbon atoms) the carbon at the end of the skeleton is part of a carboxyl group (acid part of the name) the rest of the skeleton consists of a nonpolar hydrocarbon chain (C-H) triglycerol: in making a fat, three fatty acid molecules are each joined to glycerol by an ester linkage |  | 29 |
| 7564352380 | ester linkage | a bond between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group |  | 30 |
| 7564352381 | saturated fatty acid | if there are no double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain, then as many hydrogen atoms as possible are bonded to the carbon skeleton, such a structure is said to be saturated with hydrogen SOLID state |  | 31 |
| 7564352382 | unsaturated fatty acid | has one or more double bonds with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double-bonded carbon; unsaturated with hydrogen nearly every double bond in naturally occurring fatty acids is a cis double bond which creates a kink in the hydrocarbon chain wherever it occurs LIQUID state | | 32 |
| 7564352383 | phospholipid | similar to a fat molecule but has only two fatty acids attached to glycerol rather than three; the third hydroxyl group of glycerol is joined to a phosphate group the hydrocarbon tail is hydrophobic and the attached phosphate group form a hydrophilic head that has an affinity for water |  | 33 |
| 7564352384 | bilayers | when phospholipids are added to water they self assemble into double layered structures forms a boundary between the cell and its external environment; the existence of cells depends on the properties of phospholipids |  | 34 |
| 7564352385 | steroids | lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings Lipids that act as chemical messengers |  | 35 |
| 7564352386 | cholesterol | a crucial steroid in animals; major component of animal cell membranes and is also the precursor from which other steroids are synthesized (estrogen and testosterone). Made in the liver |  | 36 |
| 7564352387 | proteins functions | enzymes, defense, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement, structural support | 37 | |
| 7564352388 | catalysts | chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction (enzymatic proteins act as these to regulate metabolism) |  | 38 |
| 7564352389 | peptide bond | the bond between amino acids; dehydration reaction The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid |  | 39 |
| 7564352390 | polypeptide | A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. |  | 40 |
| 7564352391 | protein | a biologically functional molecule made up of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three dimensional structure |  | 41 |
| 7564352392 | protein function + structure | The final protein structure is dependent upon the amino acids that compose it. Protein function is directly related to the structure of that protein. A protein's specific shape determines its function. If the three-dimensional structure of the protein is altered because of a change in the structure of the amino acids, the protein becomes denatured and does not perform its function as expected. | | 42 |
| 7564352393 | denaturation | A process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and hence function; can be caused by changes in pH or salt concentration or by high temperature. Also refers to the separation of the two strands of the DNA double helix, caused by similar factors. |  | 43 |
| 7564352394 | amino acid | an organic molecule with both an amino group and a carboxyl group; at the center of this molecule is a carbon atom called the alpha carbon: its four different partners are an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable group symbolized as R R=side chain |  | 44 |
| 7564352395 | primary structure of a protein | linear sequence of amino acids |  | 45 |
| 7564352396 | secondary structure of a protein | the coils and folds of segments of polypeptide chains as the result of hydrogen bonds between the repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone coil = alpha (a) helix fold = beta (b) pleated sheet regions stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone |  | 46 |
| 7564352397 | alpha helix | A spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific hydrogen-bonding structure. |  | 47 |
| 7564352398 | beta pleated sheet | One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth, or where two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds. |  | 48 |
| 7564352399 | tertiary structure of a protein | the overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains (R groups) of the various amino acids three-dimensional shape stabilized by interactions between side chains |  | 49 |
| 7564352400 | hydrophobic interaction | as a polypeptide folds into its functional shape, side chain amino acids with hydrophobic (nonpolar) side chains usually end up in clusters at the core of the protein. Van der waals interactions occur between these regions to reinforce the structure |  | 50 |
| 7564352401 | disulfide bridges | covalent bonds that form where two cysteine monomers which have sulfhydryl groups on their side chains are brought close together by the folding of the protein Strong covalent bonds between the sulfhydryl groups of two cysteine monomers, reinforce the proteins structure |  | 51 |
| 7564352402 | quaternary structure of a protein | the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of these polypeptide subunits association of two or more polypeptides (some proteins only) |  | 52 |
| 7564352403 | nucleic acids | store, transmit, express hereditary information polymers of monomers called nucleotides |  | 53 |
| 7564352404 | gene | inheritance unit that programs amino acid sequence of polypeptide |  | 54 |
| 7564352405 | deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | provides directions for its own replication directs RNA synthesis and through RNA controls protein synthesis (gene expression) nucleus | | 55 |
| 7564352406 | ribonucleic acid (RNA) | enable living organisms to reproduce their complex components from one generation to the next mRNA - messenger RNA |  | 56 |
| 7564352407 | gene expression | DNA ---> RNA ---> protein The process in which a nucleotide sequence of a gene is used to make a functional product such as protein or RNA. | | 57 |
| 7564352408 | ribosomes | sites of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm |  | 58 |
| 7564352409 | polynucleotides | allow nucleic acids to exist as macromolecules Nucleic acids are polymers called _______________. |  | 59 |
| 7564352410 | nucleotides | composed of three parts: a nitrogenous base, five-carbon sugar (pentose) and one to three phosphate groups nucleoside=portion of the monomer without phosphate group -monomers of nucleic acids |  | 60 |
| 7564352411 | pyrimidine | cytosine (C) thymine (T) only found in DNA uracil (U) only found in RNA a nitrogenous base that has a single-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; thymine, cytosine, or uracil |  | 61 |
| 7564352412 | purine | adenine (A) guanine (G) double-ring nitrogenous base |  | 62 |
| 7564352413 | deoxyribose | sugar in DNA; lacks an oxygen atom |  | 63 |
| 7564352414 | ribose | sugar in RNA | | 64 |
| 7564352415 | double helix | The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape. |  | 65 |
| 7564352416 | antiparallel | the two sugar phosphate backbones run in opposite directions from each other like a divided highway |  | 66 |
| 7564352417 | phosphodiester linkage | covalent bonds between phosphate group and carbon sugar rings that join together a polynucleotide. One at 5' end and 3' end |  | 67 |
