Bio. Study Guide
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| 179768263 | Evolution | a change in an organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms | |
| 179768264 | Fossils | the preserved remains or evidence of ancient organisms | |
| 179768265 | Fossils are found in ___________ rock | Sedimentary | |
| 179768266 | Fossil Record | Information about past life, including structure of organisms, what they ate, what ate them, in what environment they lived in, and the order in which they lived | |
| 179768267 | Lugols reacts with... | Starch | |
| 179768268 | Benedicts reacts with | Glucose | |
| 179768269 | Homologous Structures | structures that have different mature forms in different organisms, but developed from the same embryonic tissues | |
| 179768270 | Vestigial Organs | Organs that serve no useful function in an organism | |
| 179768271 | Embryo | An organism in its early stages of development | |
| 179768272 | Extra Credit: What 80's "hair" band is named after a mammal that cannot hear well? | Def Leppard | |
| 179768273 | Lamarck | Jean-Baptiste Lamarck was a scientist who hypothesized on the inheritance of acquired characteristics. His ideas are flawed, but we still cred him with the honor of the first man to propose a theory as to how organisms change over time. | |
| 179768274 | Acquired Characteristics | Characteristics of an organism which were acquired over the course of their lifetime; not inherited | |
| 179871300 | Lamarck's Theory | Acquired characteristics are part of Lamarck's (incorrect) theory regarding evolution, called Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics. | |
| 179871301 | Charles Darwin | Charles Darwin is a naturalist who wrote several theories regarding evolution, eventually compiling them into a book called "Origin of Species." Part of his knowledge was compiled after a trip aboard the HMS Beagle, on which he made various stops, including the Galapagos. | |
| 179871302 | 4 main Steps of Natural Selection | 1. All populations have genetic diversity. 2. The environment presents challenges. 3. Individuals which have beneficial variations are more likely to survive and pass on these beneficial traits to their offspring. 4. Successful reproduction. | |
| 179871303 | Charles Lyell | Lyell is the author of "Principles of Geology," a book which stresses that scientists must explain past events as processes that can be observed. It stresses that the process which occur on earth today are the exact same as they were thousands, even millions of years ago. | |
| 179871304 | James Hutton | Hutton published a detailed hypothesis about the geological forces which shaped Earth. He proved that layers of rock formed very slowly, taking millions of years to reach their present condition. He also stated that rocks are moved up, towards Earth's surface, by forces beneath Earth's surface. | |
| 179871305 | Impact of Hutton and Lyell | Charles Darwin was influenced by both of these mens' publications. From Hutton, Darwin learned that the Earth is much older than just a few thousand years. This, Darwin thought, would give Earth's species more time to evolve and change. From Lyell, Darwin learned that if the Earth could change over time, as it had been ever since time had begun, then that meant that the environment was changing. This would force the species to change as well, in order to adapt to their ever-evolving surroundings. Also, Darwin learned that these processes take much longer than just a few thousand years. Both Hutton and Lyell emphasized the fact that the Earth was millions of years old, not just a few thousand. | |
| 179871306 | Reproductive isolation | the separation of species or populations, so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring | |
| 179871307 | Adaptive radiation | the process by which a single species, or a small group of species, evolves into several different forms that live in different ways; rapid growth in the diversity of a group of organisms | |
| 179871308 | Convergent evolution | the process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments | |
| 179871309 | How old Earth is | 4.6 billion years old | |
| 179871310 | Extra Credit: Who are the godfathers of "punk" rock music? | I do not know; Possible Answer: Iggy Pop | |
| 179871311 | Difference between Prokaryote / Eukaryote | Prokaryote: cells are smaller and simpler, all bacteria, no nuclei Eukaryote: larger and more complex, are plants, animals, fungi, and protists, have nuclei | |
| 179871312 | Precambrian Era | 90% of Earth's history during this time; simple anaerobic forms of life evolve, followed by photosynthetic forms which added oxygen to Earth's atmosphere; aerobic life forms evolved; eukaryotes appeared; life existed ONLY in the sea | |
| 179871313 | Paleozoic Era | Diversity of marine life; many kinds of invertebrates | |
| 179871314 | Mesozoic Era | About 180 million years; increased dominance of dinosaurs; appearance of flowering plants; dinosaur extinction | |
| 179871315 | Cenozoic Era | Mammals evolve adaptations that allow life on land, water, and air | |
| 179871316 | At the end of each era, a(n) __________ occurs | Extinction | |
| 179871317 | Types of animals that are primates | Gorillas, apes, monkeys, chimpanzees | |
| 179871318 | Artificial selection vs. Natural selection | Artificial selection is selection by humans. Nature still provides the variation, but humans choose which of those variations are most beneficial. On the other hand, natural selection is an instance where nature provides variation AND the selection. Here, humans aren't involved. Instead, the organisms with the most beneficial variations are the ones who survive and reproduce. | |
| 179871319 | Extra Credit: What type of animal is Aslan? Who does he symbolize in the religious sector? | A lion; Jesus Christ | |
| 179871320 | Nucleic acid | a macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus | |
| 179871321 | A nucleotide is made of essentially 3 things: | 1. A 5-carbon sugar 2. A phosphate group 3. A nitrogenous base | |
| 179871322 | 4 Nitrogen Bases | Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine, and Guanine | |
| 179871323 | Double helix | the shape of the DNA in a human cell, first discovered by Watson and Crick | |
| 179871324 | Complementary nitrogen bases | Adenine-Thymine Cytosine-Guanine | |
| 179871325 | DNA Replication | DNA replicates through a process called base pairing. Each DNA strand of the double helix can be used as a template to make the other strand. The DNA molecule separates into two strands, and each strand serves as a model for the new strand. Enzymes "unzip," or separate, the double helix. Then, DNA Polymerase, the principle enzyme involved in DNA replication, joins the individual nucleotides together to produce a new DNA molecule, a polymer. DNA Polymerase also checks each new DNA strand, making sure that each base pair is matched correctly with its partner. The reason as to why each DNA molecule replicates is simple: survival. This is the method by which the DNA is able to survive! | |
| 179871326 | RNA | a nucleic acid which contains the sugar ribose, and which stores the genetic material of an organism | |
| 179871327 | RNA vs. DNA | RNA contains the sugar ribose, but DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose. RNA is usually single-stranded, but DNA is generally double-stranded. lastly, RNA contains uracil, unlike DNA, which contains thymine instead. | |
| 179871328 | tRNA (transfer RNA) | RNA molecule that transfers each amino acids to the ribosome, as specified by coded messages from the mRNA | |
| 179871329 | mRNA (messenger RNA) | RNA molecule that carries copies of the instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins | |
| 179871330 | Location of the tRNA in the cell | Ribosome | |
| 179871331 | Location of the mRNA in the cell | Nucleus | |
| 179871332 | Transcription | the process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence of RNA; creates RNA molecules, used in protein production | |
| 179871333 | Triplet | the complementary three base sequence on the DNA; encodes for one amino acid | |
| 179871334 | Codon | the triplet sequence in the messenger RNA | |
| 179871335 | Anticodon | the corresponding triplet sequence on the transfer RNA | |
| 179871336 | Translation | Also known as protein synthesis, the cell uses the information from the mRNA to produce proteins. The mRNA receives this info in the nucleus, the attaches to the ribosome. Then, the tRNA binds the anticodons to the respective codons. Transfer RNA continue to match their anticodons with the mRNA codons, forming a long chain of amino acids triplets. After the ribosome reaches a "Stop" codon, the polypeptide is completed. | |
| 179871337 | Two main functions of DNA | 1. Contains the genetic information of the cell 2. Contains the information for protein synthesi | |
| 179871338 | Mitosis | the process by which the cell nucleus divides in part of eukaryotic cell division | |
| 179871339 | Importance of mitosis | This is the method by which a cell replicates. This is their means of survival. | |
| 179871340 | Symbiosis | a relationship in which two species live closely together | |
| 179871341 | Temporal isolation | a form of reproductive isolation in which two populations reproduce at different times | |
| 179871342 | Behavioral isolation | a form of reproductive isolation in which two populations have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior that prevent them from interbreeding | |
| 179871343 | Carl Linnaeus | Linnaeus developed a classification system for organisms. It consists of a hierarchical system: (smallest to largest): species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom. | |
| 179871344 | Binomial nomenclature | a system developed by Carl Linnaeus, in which each species is given a two-part scientific name. First word = capitalized ; Second word = lowercased ; Both words = italics | |
| 179871345 | Taxonomy | the discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name | |
| 179871346 | 6 Kingdoms of Living Organisms | 1. Eubacteria - unicellular prokaryotes; cell walls of peptidoglycan 2. Archaebacteria - unicellular prokaryotes; cell walls not made of peptidoglycan 3. Protists - any eukaryote not a plant, animal, fungi 4. Fungi - heterotrophs; many obtain energy and nutrients from dead, organic matter 5. Plants- multicellular photosynthetic autotrophs; cell walls of cellulose 6. Animals- multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs; cells do not have cell walls | |
| 179871347 | Ecology | a scientific study of interactions among organisms, and between organisms and their environment | |
| 179871348 | 6 Ecological Levels of Organization | (largest to smallest) 1. Biosphere- the world, where all life exists 2. Biome- ecosystems with similar climates and dominant communities 3. Ecosystem- a collection of all organisms living in a particular place, together 4. Community- different populations that live together in a defined area 5. Population- individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area 6. Individual- a single member of a species | |
| 179871349 | Producer | an organism that captures energy from sunlight or chemicals and uses it to produce food from inorganic compounds; also called an autotroph | |
| 179871350 | Autotrophs methods of obtaining energy | 1. Photosynthesis- autotrophs using light energy to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates such as sugars and starches 2. Chemosynthesis- autotrophs using chemical energy to produce carbohydrates | |
| 179871351 | Consumer | an organism that relies on other organisms for its energy and food supply; also called a heterotroph | |
| 179871352 | 5 Consumer types of heterotrophs | 1. Herbivores-obtain energy by eating only plants 2. Carnivores- obtain energy by eating only animals 3.Omnivores- obtain energy by eating both plants and animals 4. Detritivores- obtain energy by feeding on plant and animal remains and other dead matter 5. Decomposers- obtain energy by breaking down organic matter | |
| 179871353 | Multicellular Organization | 1. Cell- basic unit of all forms of life 2. Tissue- a group of similar cells that perform a specific function 3. Organ- many groups of tissues working together 4. Organ system- a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function | |
| 179871354 | Food chain vs. food web | A food chain is simply a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten. A food web is much like a map; it is a collection of all the food chains in an ecosystem linked together. It shows feeding patterns and relationships. | |
| 179871355 | Trophic level | steps in a food chain or a food web | |
| 179871356 | Energy transferred between trophic levels | Only 10% of the energy in one trophic level is available and transferred to organisms at the next trophic level. | |
| 179871357 | Climate vs. weather | Weather is just day-to-day conditions in Earth's atmosphere, while climate is year-to-year average. Weather refers to a particular time and place, but climate refers to a region. | |
| 179871358 | Greenhouse effect | a natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases. | |
| 179871359 | 3 Climate Zones | 1. Polar Zones- cold areas where the sun's rays strike Earth at a very low angle. 2. Temperate Zones- between the polar zones and the trophics 3. Trophic Zone- near the equator | |
| 179871360 | Biotic vs. Abiotic factors | Biotic factors are influences on organisms in an ecosystem. Abiotic factors are nonliving. Biotic factors are living organisms, while abiotic factors are not alive, like wind, temperature, etc. | |
| 179871361 | Nitch | the full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives; the way in which the organism uses those conditions. | |
| 179871362 | Example of a nitch | Frog- in a hollow log, damp, predators, = snakes, birds, wolves, eats = insects, rats; near pond water, hunt at night | |
| 179871363 | Competition | a battle for limited resources | |
| 179871364 | Predation | interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism | |
| 179871365 | 3 Types of symbiosis | 1. Mutualism- both species benefit from the relationship 2. Commensalism- one member benefits, other is neither helped nor harmed from the relationship 3. Parasitism- one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it | |
| 179871366 | Ecological succession | a gradual change in living communities that follows a disturbance | |
| 179871367 | Primary succession | succession on land where no life exists | |
| 179871368 | Secondary Succession | succession on land where there is already developed life | |
| 179871369 | Biurets reagent reacts with | Protein | |
| 179871370 | 3 Factors that determine population size | 1. The number of births 2. The number of deaths 3. The number of individuals who enter or leave a population | |
| 179871371 | Exponential growth | organisms reproducing at a constant rate; occurs when resources are nearly unlimited | |
| 179871372 | Logistic growth | when a population's growth slows or stops following a period of exponential growth | |
| 179871373 | Limiting factor | a factor that causes the growth of a population to decrease | |
| 179871374 | Density-dependent limiting factors | a limiting factor that depends on population size | |
| 179923720 | Density-independent limiting factors | a limiting factor that affects all populations in similar ways, regardless of population size | |
| 179923721 | Examples of Density-dependent limiting factors | disease, competition | |
| 179923722 | Examples of Density-independent limiting factors | bad weather, drought | |
| 179923723 | Renewable resource | resource that can regenerate quickly and that is replaceable | |
| 179923724 | Nonrenewable resource | a resource that cannot be replenished by natural processes | |
| 179923725 | Functions of circulatory system | Transport oxygen, nutrients, and wastes, move blood through the body | |
| 179923726 | 3 Major parts of the circulatory system | 1. Heart 2. A series of blood vessels 3. The blood that flows through them | |
| 179923727 | Arteries | Carry blood from the heart | |
| 179923728 | Veins | Carry blood to the heart | |
| 179923729 | Capillaries | Distribute blood to the organs | |
| 179923730 | Blood flow | Starting at the right atrium, blood flows through the open tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle. From there, it goes through the open pulmonary valve and branches off to both of the pulmonary arteries, where it is then taken to the lungs to receive its nutrients. Then, it travels back into the heart through the pulmonary veins, and into the left atrium. Then, blood flows through the mitral valve, through through the aortic valve, and into the aorta, which branches off, distributing blood to both the upper and lower sections of the body. After the blood has circulated through the body, and has lost its nutrients, it flows back up through the superior and inferior vend cava, where it ends up back again in the right atrium. | |
| 179933639 | Double Loop system | Pulmonary circulation carries blood between the heart and the lungs. Systematic circulation carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body. | |
| 179933640 | Function of red blood cells | Transport oxygen | |
| 179933641 | Function of white blood cells | guard against infection, fight parasites, and attack bacteria | |
| 179933642 | Function of platelets | aids in the clotting of blood | |
| 179933643 | 6 Major nutrients for a healthy body | 1,. Water 2. Carbohydrates 3. fats 4. Proteins 5. Vitamins 6. Minerals | |
| 179933644 | Respiration | the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood, the air, and tissues | |
| 179933645 | Sexual reproduction | the process by which the cells from two different parents unite to produce the first cell of a new organism | |
| 179933646 | Asexual reproduction | the process by which a single parent reproduces by itself | |
| 179933647 | 4 types of teeth | 1. Incisors- used to bite food; sharp 2. Molars- chew and grind food 3. Cuspids- rip and tear food into smaller pieces 4. Bicuspids- chew and grind food; break down large, hard particles | |
| 179933648 | Extra Credit: Who were the 4 children to reach Narnia? | Edmund, Peter, Susan, Lucy | |
| 179933649 | Open circulatory system | blood is pumped by vessels through a simple heart | |
| 179933650 | Closed circulatory system | blood is contained within s network of blood vessels | |
| 179933651 | Hemoglobin | an iron-containing protein in red blood vessels that transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body | |
| 179933652 | Bodies first line of defense against pathogens | Skin acts as a barrier; Mucus, sweat, and tears also serve as the first line of defense against pathogens | |
| 179933653 | Chordate | a member of the phylum Chordata; animal that has, for at least some stages of its life, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, a notocord, pharyngeal pouches, and a muscular tail. | |
| 179933654 | Examples of Chordates | Starfish, sea urchins, sharks | |
| 179933655 | 5 types of pathogens | 1. Viruses 2. Bacteria 3. Protists 4. Worms 5. Fungi | |
| 179933656 | HIV Virus attacks the ________ cells. | Helper T | |
| 179933657 | Function of the Helper T cells | provide a line of defense against abnormal cells and pathogens | |
| 180242841 | 7 Classes of vertebrate animals | 1. Agnatha 2. Chondrichtheys 3. Osteichtheys 4. Amphibia 5. Reptilia 6. Aves 7. Mammalia | |
| 180242842 | Extra Credit: Who won the NCAA Men's Basketball Championship in 2010-2011? | UCONN | |
| 180242843 | Gland that controls body temperature | Hypothalamus gland | |
| 180242844 | Homeostasis | the process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment | |
| 180242845 | Alveoli | tiny air sacs at the end of a bronchiole in the lungs that provide surface area for gas exchange to occur | |
| 180242846 | Importance of alveoli | They enable mammals to take in large amounts of oxygen required by their metabolism | |
| 180242847 | Exoskeleton | an external skeleton made from protein and a carbohydrate called chitin | |
| 180242848 | Axial Skeleton | Skull, sternum, ribs, vertebral column | |
| 180242849 | Appendicular skeleton | Appendages, etc. | |
| 180242850 | 4 types of tissue | 1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nervous | |
| 180242851 | Location of epithelial tissue | lines both the outside (skin) and the inside cavities and lumen of bodies | |
| 180242852 | Location of nervous tissue | nerve cord, spinal cord and brain | |
| 180242853 | Location of muscle tissue | the bones and muscles of the body | |
| 180242854 | Location of connective tissue | almost all of the body | |
| 180242855 | Extra Credit: Who is Veruca Salt? | A character in Willy Wonka | |
| 180242856 | 2 main ways ATP is produced | Cell respiration and fermentation | |
| 180242857 | Structure of bone | a network of living cells and protein fibers, surrounded by deposits of calcium salts. Bone surrounded by periosteum, a tough connective tissue. Haversion canals run through compact bone, carrying blood vessels and nerves. Spongy bone inside of compact bone. Bone marrow inside bones. | |
| 180242858 | Function of bones | support for the body, blood vessels transport blood, provides protection | |
| 180242859 | Osteoporosis | abnormal loss of bony tissue resulting in fragile porous bones attributable to a lack of calcium | |
| 180242860 | Major skeletal joints | Immovable joints, slightly movable joints, freely movable joints Types: Ball & socket, hinge, pivot, saddle | |
| 180242861 | ________ _______ provides lubrication between bones | Synovial fluid | |
| 180242862 | Ligament | a strip of tough connective tissue that holds bones together at a joint | |
| 180242863 | Tendon | tough connective tissue that joins skeletal muscles | |
| 180242864 | Voluntary muscles | Muscles that are under your conscious control | |
| 180242865 | Involuntary muscles | Muscles that are not under your conscious control | |
| 180242866 | Extra Credit: 2 Van Halen singers | David Lee Roth and Sammy Hagar | |
| 180242867 | Antagonist pair of muscles | a muscle that opposes the action of another | |
| 180242868 | Cardiac muscle | Muscle found in the heart | |
| 180242869 | Smooth muscle | muscle found in the walls of hollow structures, such as the stomach, blood vessels, and the intestines, that move food through the digestive tract, control blood flow through the circulatory system, and control the size of pupils during various amounts if light exposure. | |
| 180242870 | 3 layers of skin | 1. Epidermis- protects skin from damage, shields against the sun's ultraviolet rays 2. Dermis- contains blood vessels, nerves, glands, hair follicles, etc. helps maintain homeostasis, sweat glands help control body temperature and to excrete waste 3. Hypodermis- layer of fat, connective tissue that helps insulate the body | |
| 180242871 | Dermis & Body Temperature | When the blood needs to conserve heat, the blood vessels in the dermis narrow. When the blood needs to release heat, the blood vessels widen. | |
| 180242872 | Main animal characteristics | Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic, cells lack a nucleus | |
| 180242873 | Digestive system | body system the breaks down food and absorbs nutrients | |
| 180242874 | Reactants | the elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction | |
| 180242875 | Products | the elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction | |
| 180242876 | Diffusion | process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated | |
| 180242877 | Osmosis | diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane | |
| 180242878 | Genetics | the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms | |
| 180242879 | "Father of Genetics" | Gregor Mendel | |
| 180242880 | Hybrid | an organism that is the offspring of genetically dissimilar parents or stock | |
| 180242881 | True-breed organism | carry same set of alleles and genes at every possible location | |
| 180242882 | Genotype | genetic makeup of an organism | |
| 180242883 | Example of a genotype | Green, wrinkled pea plants | |
| 180242884 | Phenotype | physical characteristics of an organism | |
| 180242885 | Homozygous genotype | A genotype in which both alleles are identical | |
| 180242886 | Heterozygous genotype | A genotype with two different alleles | |
| 180242887 | Test-cross | the crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype | |
| 180242888 | Autosome | any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome | |
| 180242889 | Sex chromosome | one of the pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual | |
| 180242890 | Codominance | situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism | |
| 180242891 | Incomplete dominance | one allele is not completely dominant over the other allele | |
| 180242892 | Multiple alleles | three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait | |
| 180242893 | Sex-linked traits | traits that are inherited with sex chromosomes | |
| 180242894 | Karyotype | A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell arranged in pairs |
