Dr. Langdon's Honors Biology Class.
Flash cards cover eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells, cell membrane, cell membrane
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| 547963266 | Cell Membrane | - contains the cytoplasm (all interior cell organelles and the cytosol) - allowing the chemical reactions in the cell to occur - semipermeable (or selectively permeable) - allows certain substances in, keeps others out - offers limited protection | 0 | |
| 547963267 | Phospholipid | - two hydrophobic fatty acids bound to a hydrophilic head (with a phosphate group) - are amphipathic | 1 | |
| 547963268 | Amiphipathic | - hydrophobic on one end and hydrophilic on the other | 2 | |
| 547963269 | Protein | - integral proteins are buried inside the membrane - peripheral proteins are stuck to the surface of the protein | 3 | |
| 547963270 | Carbohydrates | - chains of carbohydrates serve as ID markers so the body can recognize its own cells from foreign invaders A antigen - (normal marker) B Antigen - (mutation in Asia) O Antigen - (mutation in Europe, universal donor) AB blood - (universal recipient, rarest blood type) | 4 | |
| 547963271 | Cholesterol | - found in animal cell membranes - fills in the gaps in the membrane and makes it more fluid (so you don't melt in heat and freeze in cold) | 5 | |
| 547963272 | Fluid Mosaic Model | - modern theory of how the cell membrane is arranged | 6 | |
| 547963273 | fluid | - things can move | 7 | |
| 547963274 | Molecules which can cross the membrane through diffusion | - any lipid - a small ( less than or equal to 3 atoms) and uncharged particle | 8 | |
| 547963275 | Diffusion | - particles move from high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is reached - passive transport | 9 | |
| 547963276 | Facilitated Diffusion | - diffusion through an integral protein - used to pass through ions and larger molecules which cannot pass the membrane through diffusion - passive transport | 10 | |
| 547963277 | Active Transport | - breaks concentration gradient but needs to use ATP (energy for cell) - are very specific - active transport pumps act as enzymes with active sites so they often pump only one substrate - active transport | 11 | |
| 547963278 | Osmosis | - diffusion of water across a membrane - occurs from a hypotonic area to a hypertonic area | 12 | |
| 547963279 | Hypotonic | - has less dissolved material (therefore less water) | 13 | |
| 547963280 | Hypertonic | - has more dissolved material (therefore less water) | 14 | |
| 547963281 | Isotonic | - has the same amount of dissolved material | 15 | |
| 547963282 | Effects of Osmosis on Animal Cells | - In hypotonic solution - lysed (cell explode) - Isotonic solution - normal - Hypertonic solution - crenalate (shrivel) | 16 | |
| 547963283 | Effects of Osmosis on Non-Animal Cells | - Hypotonic Solution - turgid (normal) cell will swell until the cell swells up to the size and shape of cell wall (until no more water can go in). Sometimes the pressure is so strong the plants stand upright (ex. grass). When plants do not get water, they wilt but can be revived - Isotonic Solution - flaccid - Hypertonic solution - plasmolyzed | 17 | |
| 547963284 | Prokaryotic Cells | - cells lack a nucleus and all other membrane based organelles - What they do have ~ cell membrane ~ cell wall ~ cytosol ~ DNA ~ ribosomes | 18 | |
| 547963285 | Nucleus | - contains the DNA - double membrane layer - contains nuclear pores to allow material in and out - mRNA goes out of cell - nucleotides (build and repair DNA) go inside cell | 19 | |
| 547963286 | Nucleolus | - dark area in the nucleus where DNA encoding ribosomal RNA and proteins are located - cells are constantly making ribosomes, so these genes are always being copied. Vast numbers of DNA-reading enzymes in one area make it appear dark | 20 | |
| 547963287 | Endoplasmic Reticulum | - transport tubes made of membrane - carry proteins that will go into the membane or leave the cell completely - rough ER has ribosomes attached (closest to membrane because - attached to nuclear membrane | 21 | |
| 547963288 | Ribosome | - found in two places; the cytosol or on the rough ER - translates the mRNA to synthesize proteins - composed of proteins and rRNA | 22 | |
| 547963289 | mRNA | - instructions for building proteins | 23 | |
| 547963290 | rRNA | - a ribozyme that actually builds the proteins | 24 | |
| 547963291 | The Golgi Body | - puts final modifications on membrane proteins and proteins that leave the cell - packages proteins in vesicles (sacs of membrane) [only works with a small subset of proteins, proteins come from ER] | 25 | |
| 547963292 | Vesicles (Vacuoles) | - membrane storage sacs; named after their contents ~ Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes (like lysozyme) - used to digest food ~ Peroxisomes contain peroxides - used for apoptosis - "cell suicide" [if a cell being used by a virus starts replicating, cell will kill itself] | 26 | |
| 547963293 | Endocytosis | import of materials into the cell - phagocytosis - pinocytosis | 27 | |
| 547963294 | Phagocytosis | - "cell eating" cell extends pseudopodia (false foot) to engulf food and pull it inside | 28 | |
| 547963295 | Pinocytosis | - "cell drinking" cell engulfs small vesicles full of surrounding fluid - But why is this used since water will flow in and out of cell depending on hypertonic/hyptotonic solution - this is used to sense the environment (response to stimuli) | 29 | |
| 548005364 | Mitochondria | - responsible for harvesting energy for the cell - combusts (burns) glucose with oxygen to produce the energy required to produce the energy to "recharge" ATP - composed of ~ double membrane ~ inner membrane with folds called cristae ~ inner gooey material called the matrix | 30 | |
| 548005365 | 4 pieces of evidence of endosymbiotic theory | - reproduce through binary fission - like bacteria (the cell cannot build mitochondria) - same size and shape as a bacteria - have their own DNA (called mt DNA) that is circular - have their own ribosomes and can make their own proteins | 31 | |
| 548005366 | Endosymbiotic Theory | Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once bacteria that were once swallowed by ancient eukaryotes but not digested. Rather, they developed a symbiosis with the cells and evolved into the organelles. | 32 | |
| 548005367 | Cell Movement | - flagella: a long tail whips back and forth, very fast - pseudopodia: really slow, plants cannot use this since they have cell walls - cilia: hairlike structures which completely surround the cell - not very fast but very manuevarable | 33 | |
| 548005368 | Centrioles | - found only in animal cells - located in a region called the centrosome - involved in cell reproduction - 2 small cylinders perpendicular to each other | 34 | |
| 548005369 | Cytoskeleton | - cells have an internal skeleton for strength and shape - cell have an internal skeleton for strength and shape - formed from microtubules (made from tubulin) and microfilaments of actin | 35 | |
| 548005370 | External Skeleton: Extracellular Matrx (ECM) | - found outside the cell - a skeleton that holds together many cells | 36 | |
| 548005371 | Unique to Plant Cells | - cell wall - chloroplasts large central vacuole - plasmodesmata | 37 | |
| 548005372 | Large Central Vacuole | - largest organelle in plant cell - to have large central vacuole hold water, cell chucks random things in vacuole to make it hypertonic so water flows in | 38 | |
| 548005373 | Cell Wall | - made of cellulose - protects against osmotic shock - serves as a skeleton - note the plasmodesma: tunnels connecting cells | 39 | |
| 548005374 | plasmodesma | 1 Benefit - cells are connected so if one cell makes a lot of sugar, sugar will spread quickly to other cells 1 Drawback - if one cell has an infection and all cells are connected, they might all die since the virus will spread -> apoptosis | 40 | |
| 548005375 | chloroplasts | - organelles that use the sun's energy to produce ATP - also use ATP to fix carbon dioxide into glucose | 41 |
