See Organelle Quizlet
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| Instrument used to look at microscopic objects by passing visible light through a specimen and then through a glass lens in which the light is bent in such a way that the image is magnified | ||
| the membrane enclosed structures in a eukaryotic cell | ||
| focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen producing a resolution inversely proportional to the wavelength of the radiation used (specimen must be dead) | ||
| used for detailed study of the topography of a specimen | ||
| used to study the internal structure of a cell by aiming a beam through a very thin, stained specimen | ||
| takes cells apart and separates major organelles and other sub-cellular structures from one another (each spin at different rates in centrifuge to gather different organelles | ||
| the semi-fluid jelly in which sub-cellular components are suspended | ||
| Cells in which the DNA is in an organelle called the nucleus which is bounded by a double membrane | ||
| cells in which the DNA is concentrated in a region that is not membrane inclosed called the nucleoid | ||
| the non-membrane enclosed area where DNA is concentrated in prokaryotic cells | ||
| the interior of all cells | ||
| functions as a selective barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell | ||
| double membrane that encloses the nucleus separating its contents from the cytoplasm | ||
| a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting teh nuclear envelope, coating it everywhere except at the pores | ||
| includes the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various vesicles & vacuoles, & the plasma membrane | ||
| the process by which many protists eat by engulfing smaller organisms or food particles and forming inner vacuoles that merge w/ lysosomes | ||
| vacuoles that pump excess water out of the cell, maintaining healthy concentrations of ions and molecules | ||
| a vacuole found in mature plant cells that is the combination of many smaller ones in which the plant stores inorganic ions | ||
| as an early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed an oxygen using non photosynthetic prokaryotic cell and form a relationship becoming a living cell w/in another cell (chloroplasts and mitochondrion) | ||
| Endosymbiont theory for chloroplasts and mitochondrion because... | ||
| Specialized family of closely related plant organelles | ||
| A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm that plays an important role in organizing structure and activity | ||
| proteins that interact w/ the cytoskeleton to bring about movement | ||
| Hollow tubes (made of the dimer tubulin) that maintains the shape w/ compression resisting girders, is involved in cell motility (cilia & flagella), chromosome movements in cell division, & organelle movements (biggest) | ||
| Microtubules | ||
| Made of Actin, this mainains shape of cell by bearing tension and is involved in muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming, cell motility (pseudopodia), cell division (smallest) | ||
| Fibrous proteins super coiled into thick cables that maintain the cells shape by bearing tension, anchor the organells, and form the nuclear lamina (middle sized) | ||
| the region that is considered a microtubule organizing center out of which the microtubules grow | ||
| Each is composed of 9 sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring; responsible for cell division | ||
| Microtubules containing extensions that project from some Eukaryotic cells | ||
| globilar proteins that compse microfilaments | ||
| Special layer of cytoplasm on the inside of the membrane that supports it | ||
| A proten that compses the thicker filaments that interdigitate w/ the actin filaments in microfilaments | ||
| cellular extensions that allow a cell to crawl along a surface | ||
| a circular flow of cytoplasm w/in cells that speeds the distribution of materials w/in the cell | ||
| an extracellular strcuture of plant cell that distinguishes it from an animal cell by protecting it, maintaining its shape, and preventing excessive water intake | ||
| a thin, flexible wall secreted by young plant cells | ||
| a thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins that glue neighboring cells together | ||
| once the cell stops maturing, some cells will create these deposited in several laminated layers producing a strong and durable matrix that protects and supports the cell | ||
| mainly composed of glycoproteins and other carbohydrate-containing molecules secreted by the cell | ||
| the most abundant glycoprotein that forms strong fibers outside the cell | ||
| the material out of which the network of collagen fibers protrude; this consists of a small core protein w/ many carb chains covalently attached | ||
| binds to cell surface receptor proteins | ||
| cell surface receptor proteins that are built into the plasma membrane | ||
| perforate cell walls; membrane line channels filled with cytoplasm that facilitate cell-cell interaction | ||
| Where plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bound together by proteins. They form continuous seals around the cells, preventing leakage of extra-cellular fluid across a layer of epithelial cells | ||
| Where cells are fastened together into strong sheets. Intermediate filaments made of sturdy keratin protens anchor these in cytoplasm | ||
| Provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to adjacent cell; consist of membrane proteins that surround a pore through which sugars, ions, amino acids, etc. pass | ||
| A molecule that has both a hydrophilic end and hydrophobic end (i.e. phospholipids) | ||
| Amount of ______ a cell has directly affects how much resource exchange can occur in a given time, thus affecting how big the cell can be and still maintain itself | ||
| The membrane is a fluid structure w/ a mosaic of various proteins embedded in it or attached to it | ||
| Penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer (usually transmembrane) | ||
| proteins not embedded in the lipid bilayer at all, appendages loosely bound to the surface of integral proteins | ||
| CELL FUNCTION | ||
| Molecules that consist of membrane carbohydrates covalently bonded to lipids | ||
| Molecules that consist of membrane carbohydrates covalently bonded to proteins | ||
| The role cholesterol plays in a cell in that it is wedged between phospholipids in the plasma membrane of an animal cell. At high temperatures it makes the membrane less fluid by restraining phospholipid movement. It also lowers the temperature required for the membrane to solidify. | ||
| Any one of a gorup of proteins in cell membranes that allows the passage of water | ||
| diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane where no energy is required | ||
| the direction of movement of a specific substance from high to low concentration of that substance | ||
| the movement of molecules of any substance so that they spread out evenly into the available space (substances will diffuse down their concentration gradients) | ||
| The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane where water moves for its region of lower concentration to higher concentration in order to dilute an overly concentrated substance that cannot move | ||
| the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water | ||
| the state in which a cell is very firm due to its water content | ||
| the state in which a cell is limp due to its water content (or lack there of) | ||
| where a cell is immersed in a hypertonic environment, causing a cell to lose water and shrink, pulling the plasma membrane away from the wall in plants | ||
| the control of solute concentrations and water balance; advantageous for cells that lack rigid cell walls | ||
| the movement of solutes against their concentration gradient, thereby using energy | ||
| the voltage of a cell across its membrane (where the inside is negative and the outside is positive) that acts like a battery affecting the traffic of charged substances by favoring the passive transport of cations into the cell and anions out | ||
| the combination of the concentration gradient and the membrane potential in which substances are favored for passive transport if they follow both rules | ||
| where a single ATP-powered pump transports a specific solute XXCXXXX | ||
| the way in which large molecules are transported across the membrane by mechanisms that involve many packed into a vesicle (requires energy) | ||
| where the cell secretes certain biological molecules by the fusion of vessels w/ the plasma membrane | ||
| Where the cell takes in biological molecules by forming new vesicles with the plasma membrane | ||
| substances that cells have a hard time restricting the entry of | ||
| when proteins help the entrance of certain cells (tend to molecules that are charged, large, or polar... i.e. ions) | ||
| taking in water | ||
| ... | ||
| Animal cell bursting due to increased osmotic pressure (when too much water moves into a cell) | ||
| When the cell loses water and shrinks due to lessening osmotic pressure as water moves out (where plants wilt) | ||
| Where plant cells don't lyse due to a vacuoles compensatory pressure from w/in the cell | ||
| They establish the electrogenic gradient | ||
| Where proteins in animal cells morph to generate a situation in which sodium ions (x3) are brought out of the cell and potassium ions (x2) are brought in against the gradient in a loop, requiring ATP and releasing heat energy (responsible for human body heat) and restoring the membrane potential (that would eventually dissipate if left alone due to the semi-permeability of the membrane.) | ||
| Mostly in plant cells where the proton gradient is established by pumping protons across the membrane (using ATP). When they diffuse back across the membrane (facilitated) they bring sucrose with them | ||
| Established a charge across the membrane | ||
| the capacity to do work due to charges across a membrane |
