Group 3, the biolo-gene-iuses
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| 7356669897 | Nucleus | the organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes, made up of chromatin |  | 0 |
| 7356669898 | Nuclear Envelope | in a eukaryotic cell, the double membrane surrounds the nucleus, perforated with pores that regulate traffic in the cytoplasm. the outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum; encloses the nucleus |  | 1 |
| 7356669899 | Nuclear Lamina | a netlike array of protein filaments that lines the inner surface of the nuclear envelope and helps maintain the shape of the nucleus |  | 2 |
| 7356669900 | Chromosomes | a cellular structure consisting of one DNA molecule and associated protein molecules (in some contexts, it may refer to the DNA alone); a eukaryotic cell typically has multiple, linear chromosomes located in the nucleus; a prokaryotic cell typically has a single, circular chromosome located in the nucleoid |  | 3 |
| 7356669901 | Chromatin | the complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes (when the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists as a mass of long and thin fibers) |  | 4 |
| 7356669902 | Nucleolus | a specialized structure in the nucleus consisting of chromosomal regions containing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes along with ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasm; site of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly |  | 5 |
| 7356669903 | Ribosome | a complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large subunit and a small subunit. in eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus |  | 6 |
| 7356669904 | Endosymbiont theory | A cell living within another cell The theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by host cells. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism. | 7 | |
| 7356669905 | plastids | the chloroplast is a specialized member of a family of closely related plant organelles | 8 | |
| 7356669906 | Mitochondria | somewhat independent and help to grow and reproduce the cell plays a role in ATP production. (Powerhouse) found in all eukaryotes | 9 | |
| 7356669907 | Cristae | The inner convoluted (complex) membrane of the mitochondria Houses electron transport trains and molecules of the enzyme catalyzing ATP Divides the mitochondrion into two separate inner chambers Enhances the productivity of cellular respiration | 10 | |
| 7356669908 | Mitochondrial Matrix | The second compartment inside the mitochondrion created by the Cristae Contains enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle as well as ribosomes and DNA Some of the enzymes helps to catalyze cellular respiration | 11 | |
| 7356669909 | Chloroplast | An organelle in plants that absorb sunlight and uses that as energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds (glucose or sugar) from carbon dioxide and water (photosynthesis) Plant | 12 | |
| 7356669910 | Thylakoids | sometimes connected membrane "sacs" located inside chloroplasts that convert light energy to chemical energy They are found in plant cells | 13 | |
| 7356669911 | Granum | the term for a stacked amount of thylakoid Described as membrane bound stacks of thylakoid in the chloroplasts. Found in eukaryotic and plant cells | 14 | |
| 7356669912 | Stroma | Aids in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water, and contains ribosomes and DNA Explained as the fluid that surrounds the thylakoid Found in eukaryotic and plant cells | 15 | |
| 7356669913 | Peroxisome | Specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane. Contain enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from certain molecules and transfer them to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide. In the liver detoxify alcohol and other harmful compounds by transferring hydrogen from the poisons to oxygen. | 16 | |
| 7356669914 | Nucleus | Contains most of the genes in a eukaryotic cell and are only found in the eukaryotic cell, This is the central and most important part of the cell | 17 | |
| 7356669915 | Nucleoid | A region that is not bounded by a membrane, it contains all or most of the genetic material and is largely composed of DNA | 18 | |
| 7356669916 | Cytosol (Cytoplasm) | Semifluid, jellylike substances in which sub-cellular components are suspended | 19 | |
| 7356669917 | Plasma membrane | Functions as a passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the entire cell and are also known as the cell membrane | 20 | |
| 7356669918 | Chromosomes | Structures that carry the genetic information which is DNA | 21 | |
| 7356669919 | Ribosomes | binds messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins. | 22 | |
| 7356669920 | Eukaryotic Cell | Most of the DNA is an organelle called the nucleus, which is bounded by a double membrane and they contain membrane bound organelles | 23 | |
| 7356669921 | Prokaryotic Cell | No nucleus, DNA is concentrated in the nucleoid and they do not contain membrane bound organelles | 24 | |
| 7356669922 | Both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes | Both have cell membrane, ribosomes and cytoplasm | 25 | |
| 7356669923 | Surface Area to Volume Ratio | Cells are small because as a cell increases size volume grows proportionately more than its surface area and the plasma membrane only allows a limited amount of a particular substance across per second | 26 | |
| 7356669924 | Plant Cell | Cell wall, Chloroplast, Central Vacuole, and Plasmodesmata | 27 | |
| 7356669925 | Animal Cell | Centrosome with centrioles, Microvilli, Lysosome and Flagellum | 28 | |
| 7356669926 | Endomembrane System | Includes the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various kinds of vesicles and vacuoles and the plasma membrane. |  | 29 |
| 7356669927 | Vesicles | A membranous sac in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cell. Used to transport or store molecules. |  | 30 |
| 7356669928 | Golgi apparatus | Folded membrane within the cytoplasm. Involved in the secretion and intercellular transport of a cell.Receives proteins from ER. ER makes molecules that the Golgi edits and ships elsewhere. Modifies, sorts and packages the proteins for secretion. Known as the "post office". |  | 31 |
| 7356669929 | Endoplasmic reticulum | A network of either rough or smooth membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. Usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis. |  | 32 |
| 7356669930 | Smooth ER | A network of membranous tubules that regulate and release calcium ions and process toxins. Produces necessities in order for the cell to a function as a whole. Synthesizes lipids. |  | 33 |
| 7356669931 | Rough ER | A network of membranous tubules with ribosomes attached to the surface that give it a textured look, continuous with the nuclear membrane. Involved in protein synthesis. |  | 34 |
| 7356669932 | Lysosomes | Membrane enclosed organelles that contain an array of enzymes capable of breaking down all types of polymers such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids. Acts as the digestive system of the cell. Hydrolytic enzymes (can perform hydrolysis). (ANIMAL) |  | 35 |
| 7356669933 | Phagocytosis | The ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytic vacuoles. Large particles are taken in by phagosomes and then fused with lysosomes resulting in the digestion of their contents. |  | 36 |
| 7356669934 | Vacuoles | Act as storage bubbles in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Stores food, waste (to protect from contamination) and a variety of nutrients necessary for survival. |  | 37 |
| 7356669935 | food vacuole | formed by phagocytosis a vacuole in the cytoplasm in which digestion takes place (in protozoans) | 38 | |
| 7356669936 | contractile vacuole | pump excess water out of the cell, thereby maintaining a suitable concentration of ions and molecules inside the cell | 39 | |
| 7356669937 | central vacuole | develops by the coalescence of smaller vacuoles (Plant) | 40 | |
| 7356669938 | Cell Wall | an extracellular (outside of the cell) structure of plant cells that functions to protect the plant cell, allow the plant cell to maintain its shape, and prevent the excessive uptake of water. (Plant) | 41 | |
| 7356669939 | Thicker | The cell wall is __________ than the cell membrane to hold up the plant cell against gravity, wind, or any other kind of force. | 42 | |
| 7356669940 | polysaccharides and proteins | The cell wall is made up of ... ? | 43 | |
| 7356669941 | primary cell wall | the thin, flexible wall secreted by a young plant | 44 | |
| 7356669942 | Middle Lamella | A thin layer between the cell walls of other cells that is rich in polysaccharides. They glue together multiple plant cells | 45 | |
| 7356669943 | Pectins | The name for the the polysaccharides that make up middle lamella These harden when the plant gets older and stops growing | 46 | |
| 7356669944 | Secondary Cell Wall | Created by plants after they create the primary cell wall. It is located between the membrane of the cell and the primary wall and has a strong and durable matrix that protects and supports the cell. | 47 | |
| 7356669945 | Extracellular Matrix | The collection of extracellular molecules that provides structure to cells. | 48 | |
| 7356669946 | Proteins Carbohydrates | What is the Extracellular Matrix Made up of? | 49 | |
| 7356669947 | Collagen | The most abundant protein found in the ECM of animal cells. It forms strong fibers outside of the cell -Only found in animal cells. | 50 | |
| 7356669948 | Proteoglycans | Consists of small proteins and many carbohydrate chains -Only found in animal cells. | 51 | |
| 7356669949 | Fribronectin | An extracellular matrix protein that attaches cells to the extracellular matrix binds to integrins -Only found in animal cells. | 52 | |
| 7356669950 | Integrins | Surface receptor protein that spans over the plasma membrane and binds on their cytoplasmic side to proteins attached to the cytoskeleton -Transmit signals between the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton -Only found in animal cells. | 53 | |
| 7356669951 | Cell Junctions | These are structures that allow neighboring cells in an animal or plant to adhere, interact and communicate via sites of direct physical contact | 54 | |
| 7356669952 | Plasmodesmata | -The only cell junctions within plant cells Channels through the cell walls that connect plant cells, which are membrane lined and filled with cytosol -Allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell | 55 | |
| 7356669953 | Tight Junctions Desmosomes Gap Junctions | The three animal cell junctions | 56 | |
| 7356669954 | Tight Junctions | Animal Cell Junctions that prevent fluid from moving across a layer of cells - Consist of the plasma membranes of multiple cells being bound together by proteins | 57 | |
| 7356669955 | Desmosomes (anchoring junctions) | Animal Cell Junctions that work like rivets to fasten cells together | 58 | |
| 7356669956 | Intermediate filaments | Portions of a desmosome that are made up of proteins and anchor desmosomes | 59 | |
| 7356669957 | Gap Junctions (communicating junctions) | Animal cell junctions that function similarly to plasmodesmata in plant cells - they are membrane-lined channels that join a cell to an adjacent cell - Allows for ions, sugars, amino acids and other small molecules to pass between cells | 60 | |
| 7356669958 | cytoskeleton | a network of fibers extending through the cytoplasm | 61 | |
| 7356669959 | motor proteins | cytoskeletal elements and motor proteins work together with plasma membrane molecules to allow the whole cell to move along fibers outside the cell | 62 | |
| 7356669960 | microtubules | hollow rods; wall consist of 13 columns of tubular molecule (thickest component of the cytoskeleton) | 63 | |
| 7356669961 | microfilaments | two intertwined strands of actin, each a polymer of actin subunits (thinnest component of the cytoskeleton) | 64 | |
| 7356669962 | intermediate filament | fibrous proteins supercoiled into thicker cables (fibers with diameters in a medium range) | 65 | |
| 7356669963 | centrosome | a region that is located often near the nucleus (ANIMAL) | 66 | |
| 7356669964 | centrioles | comes in a pair inside the centrosome; each composed of 9 sets of triplet microtubules | 67 | |
| 7356669965 | cilia/flagella | microtubule containing extensions that project cells | 68 | |
| 7356669966 | basal body | structurally similar to a centriole; with microtubule triplets in a "9+0" pattern | 69 | |
| 7356669967 | dyneins | large motor protein attached along each microtubule outlet . | 70 | |
| 7356669968 | actin | a globular protein, microfilaments (thinnest) | 71 | |
| 7356669969 | cortex | network gives the outer cytoplasmic layer of a cell. Semisolid consistency of a gel, in contrast with more fluid state of the interior cytoplasm | 72 | |
| 7356669970 | myosin | thousand of actin filaments and thicker filaments of a motor protein, interact to cause a contraction of muscle cells | 73 | |
| 7356669971 | pseudopodia | A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding. | 74 | |
| 7356669972 | cytoplasmic streaming | a circular flow of cytoplasm within cells, speeds up the distribution of materials within the cell | 75 | |
| 7356669973 | plasmodesmata | cytoplasmic channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells (PLANT) | 76 | |
| 7356669974 | lysosome | digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed (ANIMAL) | 77 | |
| 7356669975 | flagellum | motility structure present in some animal cells, composed of a cluster of mircotubles within an extension of the plasma membrane (ANIMAL) | 78 |
