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| A space or vesicle within the cytoplasm of a cell, usually enclosed by a membrane | ||
| Transport across a cell, mediated by endocytosis on the entering side and exocytosis on the exiting side. | ||
| Soluble NSF Attachment Protein Receptor | ||
| Synaptosome Associated Protein | ||
| A primary lysosome that has fused with an endosome or an autophagic vacuole. | ||
| Also known as a lipofuscin vacuole. A tertiary lysosome and it's contents. | ||
| An endocytotic event that is controlled by the interaction of a receptor and it's ligand. | ||
| RME that uses a GPI-linked receptor. Endocytotic vesicles are coated with caveolin and remain bound to the plasma membrane. | ||
| Endocytosis of a larg particle or cell. | ||
| A vesicle containing digestive enzymes for the degredation of unwanted intracellular or endocytosed materials. Derived from the Golgi complex. | ||
| A molecule that interacts with a receptor that causes a specific cellular response. | ||
| The fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane and discharge of it's contents into the extracellular space. | ||
| Vesicles that fuse with endocytotic vesicles to seperate receptor-ligand complexes. | ||
| Invagination of the cell membrane for the uptake of extracelular materials. | ||
| A protein coating RME vesicles that prevents membrane fusion. | ||
| Secretory and membrane proteins are sorted into different domains and are directed to specific vesicle types which then bud off from different parts of this structure. | ||
| Functional unith within a cel that can be membrane bound or non-membranous. | ||
| Transmembrane proteins that regulate traffic between the nucleus and cytoplasm. | ||
| Proteins that provide a scaffold for the nucleus. | ||
| Intermediate filament proteins that link chromosomes in the nuclear envelope. | ||
| Two unit membranes around the nucleus that enclose the perinuclear cistern. | ||
| Precipitated divalent cations (Ca++) in the mitochondrial matrix. | ||
| Covalent addition of an oligosaccharide to a protein. | ||
| Folds in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. | ||
| A flattened sack. | ||
| Modifies and sorts secretory, lysosomal and some mebrane proteins, proteoglycans and directs them to their proper locations within the cell. | ||
| Stacked array of flattened sacks with a convex, cis face, and a concave, trans face. Small spherical vesicles are also associated with the cis face. | ||
| Serves as the gateway of vesicular transport. Site of phospholipid, cholesterol and steriod hormone synthesis. Also site of detoxification and helps regulate cytoplasmic Ca++ levels. | ||
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum with attached ribosomes. Site of synthesis of membrane proteins, secreted proteins and proteins destined for the lumens of various organelles such as peroxisomes, lysosomes and the golgi. | ||
| Provide a protected site for protein synthesis. Participate in the assembly of the proper amino acids necessary to make a specific protein. | ||
| rRNA and ribosomal proteins, 40s and 60s subunits. Made in the nucleus and exported to the cytoplasm. Polysomes are many ribosomes. Can be free, which make proteins for cell's use. Can be bound, which make proteins for export. | ||
| Synthesize ATP for the cell. Regulate cytoplasmic Ca++ levels. Fatty acid cycle. Urea cycle. Kreb's Cycle. Regulate Apoptosis. | ||
| Location of rRna formation into 40s & 60s ribosomal subunits. Not membrane bound. | ||
| Having more than 46 chromosomes present in a given cell. Ex: Trisomy 21 (Down's Syndrome) | ||
| Highly extended, unraveled form of chromatin that is generally being expressed. Generally not visible in a light microscope. | ||
| Highly condensed form of chromatin that is generally not being expressed. Generally visible under light microscopy due to it's great density. | ||
| A form of exocytosis that is always occuring. Ex: secretion of antibodies by plasma cells. | ||
| Intermittent exocytotic pathway where vesicles build up in the cytoplasm until the cell recieves a signal to release them. Ex: zymogen granules in the acinar cells of the pancreas being released during digestion. | ||
| A form of endocytosis which consists of an indiscriminate bulk-uptake of fluid into the cells. This is typical of endothelium of small blood vessels. | ||
| Accidental cell death as a result of injury or trauma. | ||
| A regulated type of programmed cell death. It can be triggered by surveillance mechanisms in the body, individual cells and occurs throughout the duration of our lives. | ||
| A regulated type of programmed cell death. It involves an entire cell being engulfed by macrophages and plays a central role in cell survival during starvation because organelles can be recycled. | ||
| 1. Receptor recycled, ligand degraded 2. Receptor and ligand degraded 3. Receptor and ligand recycled 4. Receptor and ligand transported across cell w/ ligand release on other side | ||
| Microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules. | ||
| These are composed of various forms of actin and are 6-7 nm in diameter. | ||
| These are composed of spectrin, vimentin, desmin and cytokeratin and are 10-12 nm in diameter. | ||
| These are the largest structures found in the cytoskeleton that typically radiate from a position near the nucleus, and are made of tubulin. They are 20-25 nm in diameter. | ||
| 1. Provide overall structural support of the cell. 2. Contraction - ex: muscle cells. 3. Motility - direct own movements. 4. Transport system along which cytoplasmic vesicles and proteins move. 5. Cell division - segregation of chromosomes. | ||
| Actin monomer in its un-activated form. It is pear shaped. | ||
| Activated G-Actin readily polymerizes into this entity, which forms a regular helix. | ||
| 1. Sol-gel conversion of the cytoplasm - maintains organelle distribution and cellular shape. 2. Microvillar shape and contraction - waves. 3. Structural reinforcement - under mechanical stress, actin forms large filaments and supports the cell. | ||
| Provide structural support and resistance to mechanical stress on the cell. | ||
| Maintain cellular shape and form conduits along which vesicles travel through the cytoplasm. | ||
| Microtubule associated protein. Many are motor proteins which often transport vesicles through the cytoplasm. | ||
| Constituitive - always occuring. Regulated - regulated. | ||
| A double membrane bound structure which is formed to sequester cytoplasm and organelles during a form of programmed cell death. | ||
| Aka plasmalemma, plasma membrane. A lipid bilayer surrounding a cell into which specialized proteins can be inserted. | ||
| 1. Act as a barrier 2. Facilitate diffusion 3. Establishing/maintaining ionic gradients 4. Act as reactive surface 5. Transmit signal | ||
| Proteins and lipids. | ||
| A 10nm thick layer of oligosaccharide-rich components of glycoproteins and glycolipids. | ||
| This attracts materials to its surface where they can easily be taken in by the cell. | ||
| Integral and Peripheral | ||
| Covalently linked to part of the membrane | ||
| May be on the interior or exterior of the plasmalemma but are not covalently linked to the membrane itself. | ||
| Adhesion proteins, Channel proteins, Pumps, Enzymes, Receptors, Transducers | ||
| Bind the cell to other cells or to components of the substrate. | ||
| Transmembrane proteins that can open or close in response to a specific ion or molecule. | ||
| Establish or maintain a gradient between the cytoplasm of the cell and its exterior using ATP. | ||
| These bound proteins catalyze specific reactions on membrane surfaces. | ||
| These proteins bind ligands on the exterior of a protein and transmit a signal to the cytoplasm through transducer proteins. | ||
| These proteins are coupled to transmembrane receptors to cytoplasmic proteins such as enzymes which initiates a cascade of reactions in the cytoplasm. | ||
| A lipid bilayer that has a trilaminar appearance in electron micrographs. | ||
| Any one of a group of sugar moieties that is often attached to a protein or lipid | ||
| An ATP-dependent motor protein of the microtubules. | ||
| A lipid that is covalently modified with one or more oligosaccharides. | ||
| An ATP-Dependent motor protein of the microtubules. |
