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| 240520011 | Cell Organelles (examples) | Endocytotic Vacuole, Nucleolus, Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum, Cell Membrane, Centrosome, Nucleus, Lysosome, Cytoplasm, Golgi body, Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, Ribosome's, Vacuole, Nuclear Membrane, Mitochondria. | 0 | |
| 240520012 | Cytoskeleton | Complex network of protein filaments that extends through cytoplasm and gives cell its shape and ability to move. Ex: microtubules and microfilaments. | 1 | |
| 240520013 | Cilia and Flagella | Appendages that protrude from eukaryotic cells for locomotion. Consists of special arrangement of microtubules. In Paramecia, euglena, sperm, and human respiratory system. | 2 | |
| 240520014 | Plasma Membrane | Selectively permeable (fluid mosaic model), Consists of a lipid bi-layer with proteins dispersed throughout. Cholesterol molecules are embedded in the interior of membrane for stability. External surface has glycocalyx that functions in cell-to-cell communication. Contains protein channels, pumps and enzymes such as ca++ion channels and Na+-K+ pumps, and ATP-synthetase channels | 3 | |
| 240520015 | Desmosomes | Cell-to-cell communication. Junctions function as rivets, fastening cells together into strong epithelial sheets in animals. In cervix of the uterus, they strengthen tissue during the stretching required during childbirth. | 4 | |
| 240520016 | Apoptosis | Programmed cell death, brought about by signals that activate a cascade of suicide proteins. Essential in development of nervous system and normal operation of immune system. | 5 | |
| 240520017 | Cell in Hypotonic Solution | Animal cell swells or bursts because water moves from higher water potential to lower water potential. Hypotonic = lower concentration of solute. Plant cells do not burst, they swell and become turgid. | 6 | |
| 240520018 | Cell in Isotonic Solution | Nothing happens to the cell because the concentrations of the solution outside and inside the cell are equal. | 7 | |
| 240520019 | Tight Junctions | Cell-to-cell communication. Prevents leakage across a layer of epithelial cells in animals. Adjacent cell membranes are fused forming a seal. (Ex.- Epithelium in urinary bladder) | 8 | |
| 240520020 | Gap Junctions/Communicating Junctions | Cell-to-cell communication. Provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells in animals. Large molecules can pass from cell to cell. In the heart, they enable cells to communicate in order to coordinate contractions of muscle tissue. Plasmodesmata = channels between cells in plants. | 9 | |
| 240520021 | Cell Wall | Found in plant cells; not in animal cells. In plants and algae, consists of cellulose. In fungi, consists of chitin. Primary cell wall is immediately outside plasma membrane. Secondary cell wall found outside primary cell wall. | 10 | |
| 240520022 | Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes | Prokaryotes are cells with no nuclear or internal membranes. Eukaryotes are cells with internal membranes. Theory of endosymbiosis. | 11 | |
| 240520023 | Microscopes | Light microscopes -common scope. Phase contrast microscope- examines living tissue without staining. Electron microscopes- high magnification, high resolution, tissue is killed during processing, two types are transmission and scanning. | 12 | |
| 240520024 | Ultracentrifuge | Spins liquefied cell homogenates at high speed, separating them into layers based on differences in density, a process called cell fractionation. Densest layer= nuclei, next layer= mitochondria, then ribosomes. Used to isolate and study large quantities of cell organelles at once. | 13 | |
| 240520025 | Ribosomes | site of protein synthesis. Found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. | 14 | |
| 240520026 | Nucleus | contains chromosomes(DNA) wrapped with special proteins into a chromatin network; surrounded by selectively permeable membrane that contains nuclear pores for the passage of large molecules like mRNA | 15 | |
| 240520027 | Plastids | present in all living plant cells; Chloroplasts-site of photosynthesis; Leucoplasts;-store starch; Chromoplasts-store carotenoid pigments; are responsible for the red, orange, and yellow colors in tomatoes, daffodils, ect. | 16 | |
| 240520028 | Food Vacuoles | Formed by phagocytosis | 17 | |
| 240520029 | Central Vacuoles | Found in mature plant cells enclosed in a specialized membrane called a tonoplast | 18 | |
| 240520030 | Contractile Vacuoles | found in freshwater protista, pump out excess water that diffuses inward because organisms live in a hypotonic environment | 19 | |
| 240520031 | Passive Transport | Movement of molecules down a gradient from a region of high concentration to a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration; no energy (ATP) required. Simple diffusion: no membrane required. Facilitated diffusion-molecules diffuse through membrane channels. Osmosis-type of diffusion where water diffuses across a membrane | 20 | |
| 240520032 | Active transport | movement of molecules against a gradient from a region of low concentration to high concentration. Requires energy (ATP). Ex. Contractile vacuole, receptor meditated endocytosis, exocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis, and Na+-K+ pump. | 21 | |
| 240520033 | Water potential | Symbol is Greek letter psi Ψ. Water moves across a membrane from solution with higher water potential to solution with lower water potential. Water potential of pure water = zero. Addition of solute to water lowers Ψ. Water flows from hypertonic solutions to hypotonic solutions. | 22 | |
| 240520034 | Nucleolus | prominent region seen in the nucleus during interphase, where ribosome components are synthesized and assembled | 23 | |
| 240520035 | Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | membranous system of channels and flattened sacs that traverse the cytoplasm, Rough ER- site of protein synthesis, Smooth ER synthesizes steroid hormones and other lipids, connects rough ER to Golgi apparatus, Carries out various detoxification processes | 24 | |
| 240520036 | Golgi Apparatus | Packages and secretes substances produced in the ER, Lies near nucleus: consist of flattened membranous sacs | 25 | |
| 240520037 | Lysosomes | sacs of hydrolytic enzymes surrounded by a single membrane, Principal site of intracellular digestion of macromolecules. Carry out programmed destruction of cells (apoptosis) using their hydrolytic enzymes. Found in large numbers in phagocytic white blood cells | 26 | |
| 240520038 | Peroxisomes | contain enzyme that converts harmful H2O2 to water. In liver cells, detoxify alcohol | 27 | |
| 240520039 | Mitochondria | site of aerobic cellular respiration, the process that generates ATP. Internal membranes cristae membranes. Enclosed in a double membrane resulting from once been a free-living microorganism; Theory of Endosymbiosis | 28 | |
| 2024104117 | Intracellular Receptor | Very small lipid soluble molecules bind to protein receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus and trigger response | 29 | |
| 2024104118 | Cell Surface Receptors | If the signal cant diffuse through the cell, it needs a surface receptor. Chemically Gated Ion Channels- gated until a neurotransmitter opens it. Allows ions through (sodium, potassium, calcium...) Enzymatic Receptors- when a signal bids it activates enzymes. Enzyme "Protein Kinase" phosphorylates G-Protein Receptors- uses assisting protein GTP (guanosine triphosphate) - also known as G-Protein. Largest family of receptors, very ancient!! | 30 | |
| 2024104119 | Glycolipids | Lipids with carbohydrate heads. These are tissue-specific surface markers | 31 | |
| 2024104120 | MHC Proteins | "Major Histocompatibility Complex Proteins" are used by the immune system and identify self or non-self | 32 | |
| 2024104121 | Anchoring Junctions | Function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets so they dont pull apart under weak forces. Intermediate filaments made of sturdy keratin proteins anchor these junctions in the cytoplasm | 33 | |
| 2672181428 | Microtubules | hollow tubes; make up cilia, flagella, spindle fibers | 34 | |
| 2672182037 | Microfilaments | help form cleavage furrow during cell division, enable amoeba to send out psuedopods, make up the actin contracting fibers in skeletal muscle | 35 | |
| 2672198371 | Cell in Hypertonic Solution | cell shrinks because water flows from higher water potential to lower water potential, hypertonic= higher concentration of solute. Cell shrinking is called plasmolysis | 36 |
