Into. to Zoology
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| 888822853 | Cells | The smallest unit of life that can function independently. | |
| 888822854 | Cell theory | 1. All organisms are made of one or more cells 2. The cell is the fundamental unit of all life 3. All cells come from preexisting cells (Although the existence of cells is an undisputed fact, the cell theory is still evolving). | |
| 888822855 | Light Microscope | Two types: compound and confocal. | |
| 888822856 | Compound Microscope | Uses two or more lenses to focus visible light through a specimen. | |
| 888822857 | Confocal Microscope | Enhances resolution by focusing white or laser light through a lens to the object. Computers can take multiple images from these microscopes to produce 3D images. | |
| 888822858 | Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) | Sends a beam of electrons through a very thin slice of a specimen, using a magnetic field rather than a glass lens to focus the beam. | |
| 888822859 | Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) | Scans a beam of electrons over the surface of a metal-coated, 3D specimen. Images are lower resolution than that of TEM, but the advantage is its ability to highlight crevices and textures on the surface of a specimen. | |
| 888822860 | What all cells have in common | DNA, RNA, ribosomes, proteins, cytoplasm, cell membrane, and small size (small cell size maximizes the ratio of surface area to volume). | |
| 888822861 | Prokaryotes | The simplest and most ancient forms of life; organisms whose cells lack nucleus | |
| 888822862 | Eukaryotes | Cells that contain a nucleus and other membraneous organelles. | |
| 888822863 | Domains | Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya | |
| 888822864 | Bacteria | The most abundant and diverse organism on Earth. Structurally simple. Rigid cell wall. Usually rod-shaped, round or spiral. | |
| 888822865 | Flagella | Tail-like appendages that enable bacterial-cells to move. Act as a propellor. | |
| 888822866 | Archaea | Resemble bacterial cells superficially, but have their own domain because they build their cells out of biochemicals that are different from those in either bacteria or eukaryotes. | |
| 888822867 | Methanogens | First members of Archaea to be described. Microbes that use carbon dioxide and hydrogen from the environment to produce methane. | |
| 888822868 | domain Eukarya | humans, animals, yeasts, mushrooms and other fungi, plants, one-celled protists | |
| 888822869 | Endo-membrane system | Consists of several interacting organelles: the nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles and cell membrane. | |
| 888822870 | Vesicles | Membranous spheres that transport materials inside the cell. | |
| 888822871 | Nuclear Pores | Holes in the double-membrane nuclear envelope that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. Highly specialized channels composed of dozens of types of proteins. | |
| 888822872 | Nuclear Envelope | Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. | |
| 888822873 | Nucleolus | A dense sport inside the nucleus that assembles the components of ribosomes. | |
| 888822874 | Cytoplasm | Contains a watery mixture of ions, enzymes, RNA, and other dissolved substances (and - in eukaryotes - organelles and the cytoskeleton). | |
| 888822875 | Cytoskeleton | Arrays of protein rods and tubules. | |
| 888822876 | Endoplasmic Reticulum | A network of sacs and tubules composed of membranes. Originates at the nuclear envelope and winds throughout the cell. | |
| 888822877 | rough ER | A section of the network close to the nucleus that is studded with ribosomes making proteins that enter the inner compartment of the ER. | |
| 888822878 | Smooth ER | Adjacent to the rough ER. Synthesizes lipids and other membrane components. Also house enzymes that detoxify drugs and poisons. | |
| 888822879 | Golgi apparatus | A stack of flat, membrane-enclosed sacs that functions as a processing center. | |
| 888822880 | Lysosomes | Organelles containing enzymes that dismantle and recycle food particles, captured bacteria, worn-out organelles, and debris. |
