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| 3330980368 | Signal Transduction Pathway | Series of steps linking a mechanical, chemical or electoral stimulus to a specific cellular response | 0 | |
| 3330999265 | Paracrine Signaling | -Animal cells communicate using secreted messenger molecules -Travel only short distances -Ex: Growth Factors | 1 | |
| 3330999266 | Synaptic Signaling | Occurs in animals nervous system when a neurotransmitter is released in response to electric signal | 2 | |
| 3331001747 | Endocrine Signaling | -When specialized cells release hormones which travels target cells via the circulatory system -Form of hormonal signaling -Travels long distances | 3 | |
| 3331032928 | Three Stages of Cell Signaling | 1) Reception 2) Transduction 3) Response | 4 | |
| 3331064549 | Ligand | A molecule that specifically binds to another molecule, often times a larger one -Signaling molecule acts as a ligand -Ligand binding causes a receptor protein to change shape | 5 | |
| 3331073367 | G -protein coupled receptors (GPCR's) | -Largest family of cell-surface receptors -cell surface transmembrane receptors that work with the help of a G protein -G proteins bind energy rich GTP | 6 | |
| 3331096901 | Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTK's) | -Membrane receptors that attach phosphates to tyrosines -Can trigger multiple signal transduction pathways at once | 7 | |
| 3331107472 | Ligand-gated Ion Channel | -Receptor that acts as a gate when the receptor changes shape -This "gate" allows certain ions through such as Na+ or Ca2+ | 8 | |
| 3331123639 | Explain how Steroid Hormones change Target cells | -Enter the cell and bind to an intercellular-receptor protein ----> making it a hormone receptor complex -This complex is able to cause a response by turning on or off particular genes | 9 | |
| 3331130447 | Transcription Factor | Special proteins that control what genes are turned on | 10 | |
| 3331159913 | Phosphorylation Cascade | -Series of different proteins in a pathway are phosphorylated in turn -Each protein adding a phosphate group to the next one in line |  | 11 |
| 3331159914 | Function of Protein Kinases | Transfer phosphates from ATP to Protein (Phosphorylation) | 12 | |
| 3331162231 | Function of Protein Phosphates | Remove the phosphates from the proteins (dephosphorylation) | 13 | |
| 3331199013 | Second Messenger | -Small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecules or ions that spread throughout a cell by diffusion -Take part in pathways initiated by GCPRs and RTKs | 14 | |
| 3331199014 | Role of cAMP in signaling | - cAMP= Cyclic AMP -This and calcium ions are common second messengers -Activates protein kinase A | 15 | |
| 3331200367 | Protein Kinase A | -Phosphorylates other proteins -Activated by cAMP | 16 | |
| 3331245123 | Advantages to multi-step transduction pathway? | Two main Advantages 1) Amplifying the Signal : At each step the number of activated products is much greater than in the preceding step 2) Contributing to the specificity of the Response | 17 | |
| 3331277738 | Apoptosis | Programmed or controlled cell suicide -Used during shaping of an organism during embryonic development | 18 |
