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| 5811757555 | calorie | term used by scientists to measure the energy stored in foods. A calorie is equal to the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1mL of water by 1 degree Celsius. | 0 | |
| 5811757558 | The energy available in food is used to make an energy-rich compound called _. | ATP | 1 | |
| 5811757568 | _ are used by the body to power all of life's processes. | ATP (and some NADH too) | 2 | |
| 5811757557 | cellular respiration | a process that releases energy (ATP) by breaking down food molecules | 3 | |
| 5811942367 | Cellular respiration equation | C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (ATP) | 4 | |
| 5811955601 | 3 Steps... | 1. Glycolysis (requires oxygen or fermentation will begin) 2. Krebs cycle (does NOT require oxygen) 3. Electron transport chain (also does not require oxygen) | 5 | |
| 5811757556 | The first step in releasing energy from glucose is called _. | glycolysis | 6 | |
| 5811757573 | Glycolysis takes place in the... | cytoplasm | 7 | |
| 5811757564 | In glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is broken in half producing _. | two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3- carbon compound | 8 | |
| 5811757580 | In terms of ATP, glycolysis produces _ ATP | This is a tricky question...The process of glycolysis creates 4 ATP but 2 ATP are required to start the process. Therefore, there is a NET gain of 2 ATP from glycolysis (4 - 2 = 2) | 9 | |
| 5811757585 | To be absolutely clear, glycolysis creates a NET gain of _ ATP molecules. | 2 (4 ATP made - 2 used up in glycolysis process = 2 NET) | 10 | |
| 5811757570 | In cellular respiration, the final electron acceptor in Glycolysis is _. | oxygen | 11 | |
| 5811757561 | The term for a process that requires oxygen is _ | aerobic | 12 | |
| 5811757560 | What if there is no oxygen? Then, glycolysis becomes _. | anaerobic | 13 | |
| 5812001431 | Glycolysis in the absence of oxygen is called _. | Fermentation | 14 | |
| 5811757559 | Fermentation is defined as... | process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen. This process still allows glycolysis to create pyruvic acid without oxygen. | 15 | |
| 5811757569 | Which compounds are produced by the two main types of fermentation? | alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation | 16 | |
| 5811757565 | Yeasts and other organisms use this type of fermentation | alcoholic fermentation | 17 | |
| 5811757566 | Human body cell use this type of fermentation | lactic acid fermentation | 18 | |
| 5816156408 | How do humans know that lactic acid is occurring in cells? | The lactic acid builds up in muscles causing discomfort in joints, etc. | 19 | |
| 5811757590 | During heavy exercise, the buildup of lactic acid in muscle cells results in ___________. Therefore, our bodies start breathing harder to attempt to increase the oxygen intake. | oxygen debt | 20 | |
| 5812020064 | Step 2 in the creation of ATP (Cellular Respiration) is..._ | The Krebs Cycle | 21 | |
| 5811757576 | Krebs cycle takes place in the... | mitochondria | 22 | |
| 5811757567 | Pyruvic acid is broken down into _ in a series of energy-extracting reactions | carbon dioxide | 23 | |
| 5811757562 | What happens to the CO2 created in Krebs cycle? | It is exhaled out of the organism. | 24 | |
| 5816207554 | The Krebs cycle produces ___ molecules of ATP for every molecule of glucose. The Krebs cycle also produces ___ molecules of NADH and ___ molecules of FADH2 per molecule of glucose. NADH and FADH2 are later used to produce energy during electron transport phosphorylation. | 2; 8; 2 | 25 | |
| 5816285627 | A total of __ NADH's are made (in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle) per glucose, and __ FADH2's. | 10; 2 | 26 | |
| 5816311918 | The third and final step of cellular respiration is the ... | Electron Transport Chain | 27 | |
| 5811757563 | Electron transport chain uses high-energy electrons to convert __ into __ | ADP into ATP | 28 | |
| 5811757579 | The Electron Transport Chain takes place in the... | Mitochondria | 29 | |
| 5811757571 | The most important product of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration is _ | ATP | 30 | |
| 5816439071 | In ETC, the ATP synthase takes the __ from NADH and FADH2 and converts __ into __. | Hydrogen ions (H+); ADP into ATP | 31 | |
| 5811757604 | How is ATP synthase involved in making energy available to the cell? | ATP synthase is a large enzyme (protein) through which hydrogen ions (H+) pass, converting ADP into high-energy ATP. | 32 | |
| 5816274394 | In ETC, due to phosphorylation and the presence of a proton gradient, the ATP synthase takes a single NADH and turns it into __ ATP. Each FADH2 becomes __ ATP. | 3; 2 | 33 | |
| 5816294430 | So, ETC generally creates 3 ATPs per NADH and 2 per FADH2. Therefore, the 10 NADH from glycolysis and Krebs cycle becomes __ total ATPs. The 2 FADH2's create ___ total ATP. | 30; 4 | 34 | |
| 5811757574 | Therefore, ETC produces _____ ATP. | 34 | 35 | |
| 5816394529 | Now, let's add it all up... NET ATP from glycolysis...2 NET ATP actually created in Krebs cycle...2 ATP ATP from conversion of NADH and FADH2 in ETC... 34 Total ATP made in cellular respiration, in the presence of oxygen is _ ATP. | 38 | 36 | |
| 5816674717 | Last, let's apply the process... When runners run a marathon, how do their bodies obtain energy? Why is the runner achy after? Why do they sweat? | Prior to the beginning of the race -- runners get glucose from food(s) that their body took in. Perhaps they drank some orange juice before running. The energy to keep running comes from ATP produced by Cellular Respiration. Within the first 20 minutes the runners body converts into lactic acid fermentation because the runner isn't getting enough oxygen. This keeps the body making ATP's. They sweat because water is created as a part of the reaction. This water is excreted out of the body to cool the body's temperature. | 37 | |
| 5811757591 | IN REVIEW>>> What is a calorie? | the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree celsius | 38 | |
| 5811757582 | The energy available in food is used to make an energy-rich compound called | ATP | 39 | |
| 5811757584 | The process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen is ___________ | cellular respiration | 40 | |
| 5811757595 | The chemical equation for cellular respiration is | 602 + C6H1206 --> 6C02 + 6H20 + Energy | 41 | |
| 5811757596 | Name the compounds of the chemical equation for cellular respiration | Oxygen, Glucose --> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy | 42 | |
| 5811757592 | How do cells use a high-calorie molecule such as glucose? | cells break down the glucose releasing the stored energy a small amount at a time. | 43 | |
| 5811757583 | First step in releasing the energy of glucose in the cell is known as ____________________. | glycolysis | 44 | |
| 5811757593 | How is glucose changed during glycolysis? | it gets broken into two 3-carbon molecules called pyruvic acid | 45 | |
| 5811757594 | What products are produced as a result of glycolysis? | two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid are produced | 46 | |
| 5816513840 | Glycolysis requires what molecule to proceed? What is the term for respiration in the presence of this molecule? | oxygen; aerobic | 47 | |
| 5811757586 | Because fermentation takes place in the absence of oxygen, it is said to be _______________. | anaerobic | 48 | |
| 5811757601 | How are fermentation and cellular respiration similar? What is the main difference between their starting compounds? | Similarities: 1) both processess break down glucose and release the energy stored in the molecule (similarity), 2) Both start with glycolysis, which produces pyruvic acid Difference: Cellular respiration requires oxygen, while fermentation occurs WITHOUT oxygen | 49 | |
| 5811757599 | Which two compounds react during fermentation? Which of these passes high energy electrons to the other? | pyruvic acid and NADH. NADH passes high energy electrons to pyruvic acid. | 50 | |
| 5811757600 | Write equations to show how lactic acid (1)fermentation compares with alcoholic fermentation (2). | (1) glucose ---> lactic acid (2) glucose ---> alcohol + CO2 Both have glucose as the reactant | 51 | |
| 5811757602 | Pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of reactions that give off energy. This happens in the _. | Krebs cycle | 52 | |
| 5811757587 | The krebs cycle takes place within the __________. | mitochondrion. | 53 | |
| 5811757603 | What happens to the high-energy electrons (NADH and FADH2) generated during the Kreb cycle? | they are picked up by a series of electron carriers, and the energy is used to convert ADP into ATP. | 54 | |
| 5811757588 | The electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to __________. | convert ADP to ATP. | 55 | |
| 5811757589 | A total of __ molecules of ATP are produced from 1 molecule of glucose, in the presence of oxygen, as a result of __. | 38; cellular respiration (Glycolysis NETS 2 ATP's; Krebs Cycle creates 2 & ETC create 34 ATP's) | 56 | |
| 5811757605 | When runners race for about 20 minutes, how do their bodies obtain energy? Why is the runner achy after? Why do they sweat? | Prior to the beginning of the race -- runners get glucose from food(s) that their body took in. Perhaps they drank some orange juice before running. The energy to keep running comes from ATP produced by Cellular Respiration. Within the first 20 minutes the runners body converts into lactic acid fermentation because the runner isn't getting enough oxygen. This keeps the body making ATP's. They sweat because water is created as a part of the reaction. This water is excreted out of the body to cool the body's temperature. | 57 |
