Vocabulary: aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, fermentation, oxidation, reduction, reducing agent, oxidizing agent, redox reaction, electron transport chain, NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), glycolysis, Kreb cycle (citric acid cycle), oxidative phosphorylation, substrate-level phosphorylation, chemiosmosis, ATP synthase, cytochromes, proton-motive force, obligate aerobe, obligate anaerobe, facultative anaerobe, beta oxidation, biosynthesis
Objectives: After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define cellular respiration.
a. State which organisms undergo cellular respiration.
b. Distinguish between the site of cellular respiration in prokaryotic cells and in eukaryotic cells.
c. Distinguish between the terms aerobic and anaerobic.
d. Write the general chemical equation for aerobic cellular respiration.
e. Write the general chemical equation for lactic acid fermentation and state which organisms can undergo this process.
f. Write the general chemical equation for alcohol fermentation and state which organisms can undergo this process.
2. Relating to cellular energy:
a. Explain the chemical energy relationship between glucose and ATP.
b. Explain the chemical energy role of ATP in driving cellular reactions.
c. Describe the structure of ATP, ADP, and AMP.
d.Explain why ATP is considered the "energy currency" of the cell and glucose is not.
e. State how many ATPs are produced from 1 glucose molecule during:
* aerobic cellular respiration in prokaryotic cells
* aerobic cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells
* fermentation
3. Describe the making of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.
4. Relating to oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis):
a. Define oxidation and reduction and describe the redox reactions of an electron transport chain.
b. Relate the redox reactions of an electron transport chain to the active transport of
hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane.
c. Relate the active transport of H+ ions across a membrane to the formation of an electrochemical gradient.
d. Relate the electrochemical gradient to the facilitated diffusion of H+ ions across a
membrane.
e. Relate facilitated diffusion of H+ ions through the ATP synthase protein channel to
the making of ATP.
5. Relating to aerobic cellular respiration:
a. Describe the molecules ATP and NADH and distinguish between the different energy-storing roles of each.
b. Describe the process of glycolysis, including the major molecules involved and the
energy-storing molecules produced.
c. Describe the process of the transition reaction, including the major molecules involved
and the energy-storing molecules produced.
d. Describe the process of the Krebs cycle, including the major molecules involved and the energy-storing molecules produced, and explain why the Krebs cycle is considered a cycle.
e. Describe the roles of NADH, FADH2, and O2 in the electron transport chain part of
oxidative phosphorylation.
f. Show the relationship between the electron transport chain, active transport, and facilitated diffusion in the oxidative phosphorylation process of making ATP.
g. State the specific locations of glycolysis, the transition reaction, the Krebs cycle, and
the oxidative-phosphorylation process in eukaryotic cells.
h. State the specific locations of glycolysis, the transition reaction, the Krebs cycle, and
the oxidative-phosphorylation process in prokaryotic cells.
i. State the number of ATPs produced during glycolysis, the transition reaction, the Krebs
cycle, and the oxidative-phosphorylation process.
j. Explain why aerobic cellular respiration results in 36 ATPs per glucose in eukaryotic cells and 38 ATPs per glucose in prokaryotic cells.
k. Relate glycolysis to lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation.
6. Describe how organic molecules other than glucose (specifically proteins, fats, and
nucleic acids) can be a source of energy by being broken down and used during glycolysis,
the transition reaction, or the Krebs cycle.
| 1961472319 | Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration | Both processes include glycolysis. In aerobic respiration oxygen O2 is needed. In anaerobic respiration no oxygen is needed. | 0 | |
| 1961472320 | What processes in your cells produce the CO2 that you exhale | CO2, is released from The Pyruvate; that is the end product of glycoloysis, and CO2 is also released during The Kreb Cycle | 1 | |
| 1961472321 | What does Aerobic Respiration use? | Oxygen | 2 | |
| 1961472322 | What is the first step of cellular respiration? | Glycolysis. | 3 | |
| 1961472323 | What is the Electron Transport Chain | Is a sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons, down a series of reactions that release energy; used to make ATP. | 4 | |
| 1961472324 | How many ATP are produced by the Krebs Cycle for each molecule of glucose? | 2 ATPs | 5 | |
| 1961472325 | Which of the part of the cellular respiration process takes place in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell? | Glycolysis | 6 | |
| 1961472326 | In what organelle would you find Krebs Cycle and the electron transport chain? | In the Mitochondria | 7 | |
| 1961472327 | What is the main event that occurs in glycolysis? | This process splits or lysis; glucose 6 carbons in a half;into pyruvate; so that yield; 3 carbons and 3 carbons igual 6 carbons and produces; 2 ATPs for each glucose. | 8 | |
| 1961472328 | How many ATP molecules are produced in the Krebs cycle? | 2 ATPs | 9 | |
| 1961472329 | How would you describe the electron transport chain? | Is a process that uses energy captured from electrons, flowing to oxygen, to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration | 10 | |
| 1961472330 | What is needed for aerobic respiration? | Oxygen | 11 | |
| 1961472331 | Which portion of cellular respiration produces the most ATP? | The Electron Transport Chain | 12 | |
| 1961472332 | During respiration in eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain occurs in the.... | Mitochondria | 13 | |
| 1961472333 | When fermentation occurs....? | When oxygen is not present | 14 | |
| 1961472334 | Where does glycolysis occur? | In the cytoplasm | 15 | |
| 1961472335 | Word derivation; does the suffix lysis mean? | Glyco means; glucose. Lysis means; to split. Glycolysis means; to split glucose. Splitting glucose into pyruvate. | 16 | |
| 1961472336 | Explain the Kreb Cycle. What happens? | Pyruvate is converted to Carbon Dioxide | 17 | |
| 1961472337 | How many carbons make up ONE pyruvic acid? | three | 18 | |
| 1961472338 | How many pyruvates are produced from ONE glucose molecule? | two pyruvates (3+3=6) | 19 | |
| 1961472339 | How many carbons are in glucose? | 6 carbons | 20 | |
| 1961472340 | What is the storage form of energy called? | ATP | 21 | |
| 1961472341 | How do animals initially obtain energy? | eat food | 22 | |
| 1961472342 | When does ATP turn into ADP? | when energy is needed | 23 | |
| 1961472343 | Where is energy stored in ATP | In the bonds between the phosphates | 24 | |
| 1961472344 | What is the name for the acronym ATP | Adenosine Triphosphate | 25 | |
| 1961472345 | What is the process of converting glucose into energy called? | Cellular respiration | 26 | |
| 1961472346 | What is an mitochondria-electron transport chain (ETC) | Is a series of compones that transfer electrons, from electron donors to electron acceptors; via redox reactions; and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. | 27 | |
| 1961472347 | What is the Final acceptor of electrons in electron transport chain? | Molecular oxygen. | 28 | |
| 1961472348 | Why the electrón transfer chain, creates an electrón protón gradient? | Because it drives ATP synthesis; which is the generation of chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). | 29 | |
| 1961472349 | Cellular Respiration occurs in three metabolic stages: | 1. glycolysis. 2. Krebs cycle (aka Citric Acid Cycle). 3. Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. | 30 | |
| 1961472350 | What is an electron transport chain E.T.C. couples | Is a reaction between an electron donor such as NADH and an electron acceptor such as O2; to the transfer of H+ ions; across a membrane; through a set of mediating biochemical reactions. These H+ ions are used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). | 31 | |
| 1961472351 | What metabolic pathway and Carbon processing are done in the Cytoplasm? | Metabolic pathway; glycolysis. Carbon processing; conversion of 1 glucose, a 6-carbon molecule into 2-pyruvates which got 3 carbon molecules. | 32 | |
| 1961472352 | What metabolic pathway and carbon processing are done in the Mitochondria | METABOLIC PATHWAYS; 1.Krebs cycle, 2.Electron Transport Chain and 3.Oxidative Phosphorylation. CARBON PROCESSING; conversion of 2 pyruvates; 3-carbon molecules each; into 3 carbon dioxidos; 1-carbon molecules. | 33 | |
| 1961472353 | Glycolysis begins with | Glucose enters the cytoplasm of the cell, and glycolysis occurs here. Glycolysis begins with 1 glucose; 6-carbon molecule; and ends with 2 pyruvates; 3-carbon molecules. It is a ten-step process (you do not need to know the details). | 34 | |
| 1961472354 | Glycolysis occurs in two phases: | Energy investment phase. Energy payoff phase. Twice for each molecule of glucose | 35 | |
| 1961472355 | Explain Energy Invesment Phase of glycolysis | In this first phase of glycolysis, glucose (a 6-carbon sugar) is split in half and becomes two 3-carbon molecules. This phase requires an energy investment of 2 ATPs; for each molecule of glucose. Glyceraldehyde phosphate is the 3-carbon molecule that continues into the next phase. The numbers, as in "glucose 6-phosphate," refer to the number of the carbon to which the phosphate group is bound. The 6-carbon sugars are shown here as simplified linear structures to indicate the location of the phosphate groups. In reality are ringed structures. | 36 | |
| 1961472356 | Explain Energy Payoff Phase of glycolysis | In this second phase of glycolysis, the 3-carbon sugars are modified in a series of steps such that 2 ATP molecules are produced. One NADH molecule is also produced. The final molecule in the pathway is pyruvate, a 3-carbon sugar. This phase of glycolysis must occur twice for every one molecule of glucose (a 6-carbon sugar). | 37 | |
| 1961472357 | What is the Net ATP of glycolysis ? | Initial molecule: 1 glucose (6-carbon). Final molecule: 2 pyruvates (3-carbon). Energy investment phase: -2 ATP. Energy payoff phase: +2 ATP × 2 = +4 ATP; Net: +2 ATP. | 38 | |
| 1961472358 | What is Total Energy Conversion at the end of glycolysis. | At the end of glycolysis, all the energy that was originally in glucose is now in three different kinds of molecules: ATP, NADH, and pyruvate. The total energy count at the end of the process is: 2 ATP. 2 NADH. 2 pyruvate. | 39 |
