CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord
PNS: Cranial and Spinal Nerves
Terms : Hide Images
| 499390403 | Cerebrum | consists of hemispheres | |
| 499390404 | Gyri | thick folds (sections) | |
| 499390405 | Sulci | shallow grooves (lines) | |
| 499390406 | longitudinal fissure | separates the right and left hemispheres | |
| 499390407 | corpus callosum | allows the hemispheres to communicate | |
| 499390408 | Cerebellum | occupies the posterior cranial fossa inferior to the cerebrum; contains arbor vitae and vermis; responsible for equilibrium, motor coordination, and memory of learned motor skills | |
| 499390409 | Brainstem | contains the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata | |
| 499390410 | Gray matter | the location of cell bodies; forms the surface layer called the cortex over the cerebrum and cerebellum | |
| 499390411 | White matter | the location of myelinated axons; "highway of cortex"; also makes up the cortex | |
| 499390412 | Frontal lobe | lies behind the frontal bone, superior to the eyes; chiefly concerned with voluntary motor functions, motivation, foresight, planning, memory, mood, emotion, social judgment, and aggression | |
| 499390413 | Central sulcus | the wavy vertical groove that outlines the area of the frontal lobe | |
| 499390414 | Parietal lobe | forms the uppermost part of the brain and underlies the parietal bone; starts at the central sulcus and extends to the parieto-occipital sulcus; primary site for receiving and interpreting signals of the general senses, taste, and some visual processes | |
| 499390415 | Occipital lobe | at the rear of the head, caudal to the parieto-occipital sulcus and underlying the occipital bone; principal visual center of the brain | |
| 499390416 | Temporal lobe | a lateral, horizontal lobe deep to the temporal bone, separated from the parietal lobe above it by a deep lateral sulcus; concerned with hearing, smell, learning, memory, and some aspects of vision and emotion | |
| 499390417 | Lateral ventricle | form an arc in each cerebral hemisphere | |
| 499390418 | Third ventricle | a narrow median space inferior (below) to the corpus callosum | |
| 499390419 | Fourth ventricle | a small triangular chamber between the pons and cerebellum | |
| 499390420 | Diencephalon | a portion of the brain between the midbrain and corpus callosum; composed of the thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus | |
| 499390421 | Thalamus | the largest part of the diencephalon, located immediately inferior to the corpus callosum and bulging into each lateral ventricle; a point of synaptic relay of nearly all signals passing from lower levels of the CNS to the cerebrum | |
| 499390422 | Epithalamus | a very small mass of tissue composed mainly of the pineal gland, habenula, and thin roof over the third ventricle | |
| 499390423 | Hypothalamus | the inferior portion of the diencephalon of the brain, forming the walls and floor of the third ventricle and giving rise to the posterior pituitary gland; controls many fundamental physiological functions such as appetite, thirst, and body temperature and exerts many of its effects through the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems (hormone secretion, thermoregulation, food/water intake, sleep/circadian rhythms, memory, emotional behavior, and sexual response) | |
| 499390424 | Reticular activating system | reticular formation nuclei that modulate activity of the cerebral cortex | |
| 499390425 | habituation | process in which the brain learns to ignore repetitive, inconsequential stimuli while remaining sensitive to others | |
| 499390426 | Limbic system | an important center of emotion and learning; it is a ring of structures on the medial side of the cerebral hemisphere, encircling the corpus callosum and thalamus Cingulate gyrus arches over the top of the corpus callosum in the frontal and parietal lobes | |
| 499390427 | Hippocampus | in the medial temporal lobe | |
| 499390428 | Amygdala | immediately rostral to the hippocampus and also in the temporal lobe | |
| 499390429 | Medulla Oblongata | the most caudal part of the brainstem, immediately superior to the foramen magnum of the skull, connecting the spinal cord to the rest of the brain; all nerve fibers connecting the brain to the spinal cord pass through the medulla | |
| 499390430 | Pons | rostral to the medulla and anterior to the cerebellum; functions include arousal, controlling autonomic functions, relaying sensory information between the cerebrum and cerebellum, and sleep | |
| 499390431 | Midbrain | a short segment of brainstem that connects the hindbrain and forebrain; also contains the cerebral aqueduct, continuation of reticular formation and motor nuclei for 2 cranial nerves that control eye movement (occulomotor and trochlear) | |
| 499390432 | Cerebellum | a large portion of the brain posterior to the brainstem and inferior to the cerebrum, responsible for equilibrium, motor coordination, and memory of learned motor skills; consists of right and left cerebellar hemispheres connected by a narrow wormlike bridge called the vermis; has a surface cortex of gray matter and a deeper layer of white matter; white matter looks like branches and is referred to as the arbor vitae | |
| 499390433 | Blood-brain barrier (BBB) | a barrier between the bloodstream and nervous tissue of the brain that is impermeable to many blood solutes and thus prevents them from affecting the brain tissue; forms tight junctions between the endothelial cells that form capillary walls; also, astrocytes reach out and contact the capillaries with their perivascular feet, inducing the endothelial cells to form tight junctions that completely seal off the gaps between them; ensures that anything leaving the blood must pass through the cells and not between them; endothelial cells can exclude harmful substances from the brain tissue while allowing necessary ones to pass through | |
| 499390434 | Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) | a clear colorless liquid that fills the ventricles and canals of the CNS and bathes its external surface; CSF production starts with filtration of plasma through capillaries in the brain ependymal cells change the filtrate so that CSF has more sodium and chloride than plasma, but less potassium, calcium, and glucose | |
| 499390435 | Choroid Plexus | a spongy mass of blood capillaries on the wall of each ventricle (produces CSF) | |
| 499390436 | Olfactory | smell | |
| 499390437 | Optic | vision | |
| 499390438 | Oculomotor | eye movements, opening eyelid, pupillary constriction | |
| 499390439 | Trochlear | eye movements | |
| 499390440 | Trigemenal | touch, temperature, and pain sensations | |
| 499390441 | Abducens | lateral eye movement | |
| 499390442 | Facial | taste, facial expression, secretion tears/saliva/nasal/oral mucus | |
| 499390443 | Vestibulocochlear | hearing and equilibrium | |
| 499390444 | Glossopharyngea | taste, touch, pressure, pain, and temperature sensations from tongue and outer ear; regulation of blood pressure and respiration; salivation, swallowing, gagging | |
| 499390445 | Vagus | taste, sensations of hunger, fullness, gastrointestinal discomfort; swallowing, speech, deceleration of heart, bronchoconstriction, gastrointestinal secretion and motility | |
| 499390446 | Accessory | swallowing; head, neck, and shoulder movements | |
| 499390447 | Hypoglossal | tongue movements of speech, food manipulation and swallowing | |
| 499390448 | Spinal cord | a cylinder of nervous tissue that arises from the brainstem-the cord only reaches about two-thirds of the vertebral canal in adults; the cord gives rise to 31 pairs of spinal nerves | |
| 499390449 | cervical enlargement | gives rise to nerves of the upper limbs | |
| 499390450 | lumbar enlargement | gives rise to nerves to the pelvic region and lower limbs | |
| 499390451 | cauda equina | bundle of nerve roots that taper from the spinal cord | |
| 499390452 | terminal filum | a strand of connective tissue that arises from the pia mater and runs all the way down to the termination of the vertebral canal | |
| 499390453 | Epidural Space | a space between the dura mater and vertebral bones; it contains blood vessels, adipose tissue, and loose connective tissue | |
| 499390454 | Arachnoid Mater | consists of simple squamous epithelium and a loose mesh of collagenous and elastic fibers spanning the gap between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater | |
| 499390455 | Subarachnoid Space | filled with cerebrospinal fluid | |
| 499390456 | Pia Mater | a delicate, transparent membrane that closely follows the contours of the spinal cord | |
| 499390457 | Dorsal root | the branch of a spinal nerve that enters the posterior side of the spinal cord and carries afferent (sensory) nerve fibers; dorsal root ganglion is a cluster of nerve cells | |
| 499390458 | Ventral root | the branch of a spinal nerve that emerges from the anterior side of the spinal cord and carries efferent (motor) nerve fibers | |
| 499390459 | Reflex | a stereotyped, automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus; includes somatic reflexes, in which the effectors are skeletal muscles, and visceral (autonomic) reflexes, in which the effectors are usually visceral muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands | |
| 499390460 | Plexus | a network of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, or nerves | |
| 499390461 | Cervical plexus | in the neck; lesser occipital nerve | |
| 499390462 | Brachial plexus | near the shoulder; radial nerve | |
| 499390463 | Lumbar plexus | in the lower back; femoral nerve | |
| 499390464 | Sacral plexus | inferior to the lumbar plexus; superior gluteal nerve | |
| 499390465 | Coccygeal plexus | adjacent to the lower sacrum and coccyx | |
| 499390466 | Sensory receptor | any structure specialized to detect a stimulus | |
| 499390467 | Cutaneous receptor | a type of sensory receptor found in the dermis or epidermis; i.e. Meissner's corpuscle, Pacinian corpuscle | |
| 501530870 | Dura Mater | forms a loose-fitting sleeve around the spinal cord; tough collagenous membrane |
