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| 10591552817 | Lesion | is an area of damage or dysfunction | 0 | |
| 10591558193 | Differences between a sign and symptom | -A sign is evidence of a disease or an impairment that can be observed by someone other then the patient. (ex. edema and paralysis). -A symptom is subjective experience of the patient. (ex. pain, fatigue and numbness). | 1 | |
| 10591581611 | Focal lesion | - limited to a single location (ex. tumor in the spinal cord, carpal tunnel) Easiest to clinical assess | 2 | |
| 10591588687 | Multifocal lesion | limited to several non symmetrical locations (ex. tumor that has metastasized to several locations) | 3 | |
| 10591596783 | Diffuse lesion | affects bilaterally symmetric structures but does not cross the midline as a single lesion (ex. Alzheimers disease, MS, Seizure disorder) | 4 | |
| 10591612783 | Neurological Examination | has 2 parts- history and test/measures. History is a structured interview conducted in order to find symptoms. Test and measures are used to determine the probable cause of neurologic problems so, that appropriate care can be provided | 5 | |
| 10591633144 | History Taking | the speed of onset and the pattern of progression provide important clues that cause of the nervous system dysfunction. | 6 | |
| 10591641209 | Acute | indicating minutes to hours to maximal signs and symptoms Usually indicated a vascular problem signs and symptoms are getting worse/progressing therapist wouldn't attempt to tissue testing that would make the lesion worse | 7 | |
| 10591652850 | Subacute | is progressing to maximal signs and symptoms over a few days. Usually indicated an inflammatory progress Signs/symptoms have plateau Don't over push the pt because then the therapist may become acute | 8 | |
| 10591670026 | chronic | is a gradual worsening of signs and symptoms continuing for weeks or years. Usually suggests a tumor or degenerative disease Signs/symptoms no longer are progressive Usually therapist can test the tissue w/o concern of exacerbating the lesion | 9 | |
| 10591690760 | Consciousness level | one is aware of events and mental processes | 10 | |
| 10591701437 | Alert | patient attends to ordinary stimuli | 11 | |
| 10591702655 | Obtunded | patient tends to lose track of conversations and tasks. Patient falls asleep if little stimulation is provided Don't perform cognition testing patient is usually aware of the environment | 12 | |
| 10591711387 | Stupor | patient is alert only during vigorous stimulation pt is not aware of the environment | 13 | |
| 10591720504 | White Matter | -is composed of axons surrounded by large quantities of myelin - bundles of myelinated axons (white matter) that travel together in the CNS system are- tract, lemniscus, fasciculus, column, peducle, capsule | 14 | |
| 10591733760 | Subcortical areas | primarily consists of tracts oriented in three directions. The "white" comes from the fatty sheath covering the axons. | 15 | |
| 10591761823 | commisural fibers | tracts that connect the 2 sides (hemispheres) of the brain- best known as the corpus collosum | 16 | |
| 10591767178 | association tracts | - bundles of white matter (axons) that connect anterior and posterior cortical areas - Short association tracts connect together adjacent gyri (a ridge on the cerebral cortex) - Long association tracts connect lobes of the brain in one hemisphere | 17 | |
| 11111413279 | short association tracts | -composed of arcuate (curved) fibers -connects adjacent gyri w/in same lobe (ie connect primary motor cortex to motor association area) | 18 | |
| 11111430896 | long association tracts | -composed of longitudinal fascicule -connect gyri in different lobes of same hemisphere (ie tracts connecting Wernicke area & motor speech area) | 19 | |
| 10591803690 | projection fibers | collection of axons connecting the cerebral cortex to the brain stem Nerve tracts pass through a communication link called the internal capsule - pass through a communication link called the internal capsule (Same side) - these axons carry information for the cerebral cortex to the subcortical structures | 20 | |
| 11111482459 | corpus callosum | - It is the main bridge between the left and right cerebral hemispheres. - Carries information from one lobe to another. - There are 300 million fibers in the average corpus callosum. - Sometimes in severe epilepsy surgery is performed to cut the corpus callosum to limit seizure activity. | 21 | |
| 10591818424 | Example of periventricular white matter lesion | located between the cortex and ventricles Periventricular Leukomalacia- CP diagnosis with premature infants | 22 | |
| 10591837349 | Gray Matter | is composed mainly of neuron cell bodies | 23 | |
| 10591841759 | Groups of cell bodies in the PNS | ganglia | 24 | |
| 10591845250 | groups of cell bodies in the CNS | Nuclei | 25 | |
| 10591849288 | gray matter on the surface of the brain | cortex | 26 | |
| 10591850936 | Afferent Axons | neurons that receive information from sensory organs and transmit the input to the CNS | 27 | |
| 10591854164 | Efferent Axons | neurons that send impulses from the CNS to the limbs and organs of the body | 28 | |
| 10591859995 | Brainstem | 3 parts: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata Most of the cranial nerves are located in the brainstem | 29 | |
| 10591866722 | Midbrain | automatic reflexes associated with visual and auditory systems | 30 | |
| 10591876279 | Pons | means bridge of nerve fibers connecting the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata with other regions of the brain - regulates breathing and autonomic functions | 31 | |
| 10591885957 | medulla oblongata | This part of the brain controls many model functions such as respiration, heart rate and digestion | 32 | |
| 10591892535 | brainstem functions | breathing, cardio, reflex postural (staying upright), motor control, equilibrium- head movements orienting to vertical adjustments, body temperature, swallowing and vomiting, autonomic functions, sleep center (circadian cycles) | 33 | |
| 10591910584 | Cerebellum | - sensory structure receives sensory signals (middle and inferior peduncle) from muscles, joints, tendons, semicircular canals, cerebral cortex - sends information back out via Superior and inferior peduncles - works ispsilateral- lesions are on the same side as symptoms | 34 | |
| 10591930653 | Cerebellum functions | balance, postural stability, regulation of muscle tone, vestibular ocular reflex, postural alignment, motor coordination, procedural learning | 35 | |
| 10591981006 | 2 internal carotid arteries | provide blood to most of the cerebrum | 36 | |
| 10767375374 | 2 vertebral arteries | provide blood to the occipital and inferior temporal lobes and to the brainstem and cerebellar region | 37 | |
| 10591959648 | basal ganglia | -large ganglions of nerve cells located deep in the cerebrum - initiation for normal motor function working memory (recalling needed information) - attention and motivation | 38 | |
| 10591970422 | Thalamus | - has several nuclei - it monitors input from the senses and acts as a relay station/sensory center of the cerebrum - Receives information from basal ganglia, the cerebellum, all sensory systems expect olfactory, processes the information and then relays the selected information to specific areas of the cerebral cortex | 39 | |
| 10592041840 | relay nuclei of thalamus | - convey information from the sensory systems (expect olfactory), the basal ganglia, or the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex. | 40 | |
| 10592049583 | association nuclei of thalamus | -receives input from the cerebral cortex and projects back to the cortex to regulate activity - processes emotional and some memory information or integrate different types of sensations | 41 | |
| 10592057288 | nonspecific nuclei of the thalamus | regulate consciousness, arousal, and attention | 42 | |
| 10592061947 | Lateralpulsion | - is a result from a lesion in posterior thalamus or medullary lesion affecting the vestibular nuclei occurs in approx. 10% of people post stroke also called pusher syndrome or contravesive pushing Usually resolves in in 3 to 6 months | 43 | |
| 10592081460 | Primitive Brain | limbic system "emotional brain" limbic structures from a ring around the thalamus, deep within the cerebrum behavior, attitude, emotions, integrates recent memory, sex, aggression and rage | 44 | |
| 10592100137 | hypthalamus | endocrine system regulation: water balance, sleep, appetite, visceral functions (BP, Body temp), metabolic rate, aggression, emotions, growth It's regulates the autonomic nervous systems (ANS) it houses the master gland: pituitary gland | 45 | |
| 10592117144 | Amygdala | means "almond", it is located in the deep cerebral hemisphere temporal region concerned with expression of emotional behavior the function is to compute the emotional significance of events (facial expression, social signals) and also, teaches us associations b/w cues and outcomes (what happens when we do something -rewards and punishments) gives the highly subjective feelings that coincide with an emotional state Fear processor- fight or flight response | 46 | |
| 10592142990 | PSTD | -with a severe event there are real or perceived effects on the prefrontal cortex. these changes are associated with fear and anxiety -Senses pick up on something in the environment -the amygdala decided that this is a threat and initiates a fear reaction -this information is transferred to the hypothalamus... who sets the adrenal glands into action causing adrenaline a stress hormone before the frontal lobe becomes aware of the situation | 47 | |
| 10592171454 | temperal lobe | -integration of information from multiple senses-sensory integration sound discrimination- auditory cortex receptive language- wernicke's area declarative memory located deep in the lobe (mediotemporal limbic area) | 48 | |
| 11111612594 | Temporal lobe functions | - word retrieval - language semantic memory processing - visual perception - multimodal sensory integration - autobiographical memory - visual recognition | 49 | |
| 10592208137 | Temporal lobe-sensory integration | 1. The visual cortex (red)responds to the image of the bell, auditory cortex (blue) responds to the sound of the bell. 2. Recognizes a sensory stimulus- auditory / visual- Specific areas are for object recognition, face recognition 3. If damaged- Term "agnosia" means not knowing Visual Agnosia- (green section) (special example prosopagnosia) Auditory Agnosia- association cortex of temporal lobe |  | 50 |
| 10592257813 | Types of Agnosia | -Astereognosia - visual Agnosia -auditory agnosia | 51 | |
| 10766955006 | Astereognosia | is the inability to identify objects by touch and manipulation despite intact discriminative somatosensation | 52 | |
| 10766957806 | visual agnosia | inability to recognize objects | 53 | |
| 10766962652 | auditory agnosia | inability to comprehend speech or nonspeech sounds | 54 | |
| 10592279485 | Hippocampus | - important with declarative memory (episodic memories, encoding name- face associations, personal memories in response to smells) - long term factual memory is most often attributed to the hippocampus. - if you lose your hippocampus, you lose the ability to remember facts beyond what can remain in short term memory - Alzheimer's and epilepsy affects the hippocampus - if you feel stressed by a situation...it raises the brain level of anxiety and the amygdala takes over - this will shift the thalamus routing the attention to the hippocampus and focus on self preservation in the moment | 55 | |
| 10592360233 | Expressive (Broca's) Aphasia | -halting speech, tendency to repeat - common phrases-words perseveration - disordered arrangement of words disordered grammar (missing articles of grammar (a, as, the) reading comprehension is intact | 56 | |
| 10592375980 | Receptive (Wernicke's) Aphasia | -fluent speech production however, meaningless -contrived or inappropriate words -language comprehension not intact (includes spoken and sign language) -alexia-inability to read - inability to write down their thoughts | 57 | |
| 10766975451 | Alexia | inability to read | 58 | |
| 10592405349 | Parietal Lobe | -primary sensory area- this is where nerve impulses carrying sensations of pain, temp, touch, tactile recognition (test this area with light touch discrimination, sharp/dull, 2 point, monofilament - proprioception with association cortex- sensation of our body in space (active and passive testing) -"where pathway"-spatial orientation/body image/visual | 59 | |
| 10592859538 | lateral prefrontal cortex (Frontal lobe) | -goal directed behavior, working memory, judgement, planning, abstract reasoning, dividing attention, sequencing activities - appropriate social behaviors, persistence of a difficult task | 60 | |
| 10592882006 | medial prefrontal cortex (frontal lobe) | - emotional regulation- apathy task initiation motivation self-awareness/metacognition impulsiveness/ safety awareness social cues for behavior emotional responses to social cues | 61 | |
| 10592895471 | Ventral Prefrontal Cortex (frontal lobe) | -regulating mood (subjective feelings) - regulating affect (observed demeanor) - internal reward system for guiding social behavior - decision making based on social consequences - self control - maintains attention to relevant information - "gut feelings" | 62 | |
| 10592910737 | emotion | is a short-term subjective experiences. Emotions also color our perceptions and influence our actions. | 63 | |
| 10766988971 | Mood | is sustained, subjective, ongoing emotional experiences. | 64 | |
| 10592922000 | Coortico-basal ganglia-thalamic loop | - which links the emotion, cognitive and motor systems - this loop in the brain in the responsible for a failed NYE diet plan | 65 | |
| 10592944767 | primary somatosensory cortex | - discriminates shape, texture, or size of objects - lesion cause: loss of tactile localization and conscious proprioception | 66 | |
| 10592949050 | secondary somatosensory cortex | - stereognosis and memory of the tactile and spatial environment - lesion cause: visual agnosis or optic ataxia | 67 | |
| 10592952658 | primary motor cortex | - voluntarily controlled movements - lesion cause: paresis, loss of fine motor control and spastic dysarthria | 68 | |
| 10592958454 | supplementary motor area | - initiation of movement, orientation planning, bimanual and sequential movements - lesion cause: apraxia | 69 | |
| 10592979494 | Dysarthria | - difficulty with the production/articulation of speech | 70 | |
| 10592988833 | Spastic Dysarthria | - Harsh, awkward speech caused by an upper motor neuron lesion. | 71 | |
| 10592992614 | Flaccid Dysarthria | - Breathy, soft, imprecise speech caused by damage to lower motor neurons in cranial nerves IX, X, and/or XII. | 72 | |
| 10676725685 | frontal lobe executive functions | - it decides what is worth attending to and what is worth doing - provides continuity and coherence to behavior across time so that impulses are within constraints of social norms.. keeps the limbic system in check hard wired (genetics) vs environmental- parents with similar skill deficits | 73 | |
| 11098722966 | Assessments for cerebellum | - test systems giving cerebellum input and test connection between systems and cerebellum | 74 | |
| 11098752172 | Controls postural muscles | - Center of mass over base of support, involves vestibular and eye input - equilibrium- vestibular system- cerebellum (Ex. I am leaning forward) - postural muscles- anticipatory contractions of glutes, soleus and back musclues | 75 | |
| 11098873605 | Romberg's test | - need 2 of 3 senses to maintain standing balance: proprioception, vestibular function, vision - monitor/adjust for change body position - observe postural sway with open closed and open - proprioception- healthy function dorsal columns of spinal cord - positive sign- sensory ataxia - if a pt is ataxic and is not positive is suggests that ataxia is cerebellar not proprioception | 76 | |
| 11098955768 | Controls gross movements of the limbs | - arm movements jerky and inaccurate if the cerebellum didn't constantly correct muscles with proprioceptive and visual inputs - test finger to nose, heel to shin (dysmetria testing)- spinocerebellar region | 77 | |
| 11098981193 | Dysmetria | Lack of coordination of movement typified by the undershoot or overshoot of intended position with limb. Type of Ataxia. - it can also include an inability to judge distance or scale | 78 | |
| 11099000846 | region controls fine motor rapid alternating movements | - fine motor control to smoothly pick up items; developmental process as well ( watch a kid vs adult hold deal cards) - test strumming fingers and timing/ speed, also some goal directed motor plans- cerebrocrebellum | 79 | |
| 11110509311 | spinal cord extends from | - the foramen magnum - the opening at the inferoposterior aspect of the skull | 80 | |
| 11110534317 | Parts of the brain stem | -midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata | 81 | |
| 11110538510 | medulla pyramids | - cortiocospinal motor tracts, on the anterior surface side and are descending, carry motor signals to muscles most tracts cross over(decussate) |  | 82 |
| 11110587417 | Brainstem contains neurons that control: | - equilibram - sensations of head movements - orientating to vertical adjustments - orientating to postural adjustments - cardiovascular activity - respiration - eye movements | 83 | |
| 11110614797 | Most of the cranial nerves originate in the ________. | - brainstem | 84 | |
| 11110623904 | 3 attachments of the cerebellum to the brainstem | - superior peduncle with midbrain- connects cerebellum to midbrain - middle peduncle with pons- connects cerebellum to pons - inferior peduncle with medullla- connects cerebellum to medulla | 85 | |
| 11110678090 | anterior cerebral artery (ACA) | is one of a pair of arteries on the brain that supplies oxygenated blood to most midline portions of the frontal lobes and superior medial parietal lobes. - The two anterior cerebral arteries arise from the internal carotid artery and are part of the circle of Willis. |  | 86 |
| 11110696101 | Circle of Willis | - A circle of arteries at the base of the brain that supply blood to the brain | 87 | |
| 11110706652 | middle cerebral artery | - is one of the three major paired arteries that supply blood to the cerebrum. The MCA arises from the internal carotid and continues into the lateral sulcus where it then branches and projects to many parts of the lateral cerebral cortex. |  | 88 |
| 11110734838 | posterior cerebral artery (PCA) | - supplies the occipital lobe, the inferior part of the temporal lobe, and various deep structures including the thalamus and the posterior limb of the internal capsule. | | 89 |
| 11110807613 | somatosensory cortex | - receives information from proprioceptive and tactile receptors via a three- neuron pathway | 90 | |
| 11110824973 | auditory cortex | - provides conscious awareness of the intensity of sounds | 91 | |
| 11110882000 | visual cortex | - receives written words as visual stimulation | 92 | |
| 11110892093 | vestibular cortex | - relative to gravity, perceives head movements and position | 93 | |
| 11110958466 | Asteroegnosis | - is the inability to identify objects by touch and manipulation despite intact discriminative somatosensation | 94 | |
| 11110979014 | Primary Sensory cortex example | - touching one spot on a patient's arm/ fingers (alternating both arms/hands) with your fingers - patient's eyes are closed, they have intact cognition, and are alert and not distracted "tell me when you feel me touch you" "Do it feel the same on both arms/ hands" | 95 | |
| 11111035770 | Graphesthesia | - with eyes closed, client can identify a number drawn on his palm with the blunt end of a pencil | 96 | |
| 11111053758 | Graphesthesia testing | - "tell me the number 1 draw on the palm of your hand" Soft touch sensation is intact - areas in the contralateral parietal lobe cortex | 97 | |
| 11111096933 | Sensory sensory cortex example | - place an familiar object in a patient's hand and see if they can identify the object with their eyes close- stereognosis | 98 | |
| 11111130394 | Supplementary motor planning example | - asking the patient to brush their hair - patient is able to grab the brush, identify the brush as a tool to brush their hair, but cannot perform brushing their hair in a coordinated sequential pattern - client needs "hand over hand" assist from the therapist to brush their hair | 99 | |
| 11111197481 | primary motor cortex example | - MMT (gross assessment) - "squeeze my two fingers" Client is unable to grasp or flex their fingers | 100 | |
| 11111248007 | Flow of information from hearing to replaying | 1. Primary auditory cortex- auditory discrimination 2. Secondary auditory cortex- classification of sounds 3. Wernicke's area- auditory comprehension vocabulary 4. subcortical connections- Link Wernicke's and Borca's Areas 5. Broca's Area- instructions for language output 6. Oral and throat region of sensorimotor cortex- cortical output to speech muscles | 101 | |
| 11111313971 | Prosopagnosia | - inability to recognize faces - Case study example: Mr. X can't recognize his wife's face | 102 | |
| 11111582985 | cortical mapping | - refers to the graphic illustration of the localization of brain functioning |  | 103 |
| 11111708504 | Flow of cortical information from primary sensory cortex to motor cortex eating an apple |  | 104 | |
| 11111727083 | frontal lobe functions | - decision making - planning - problem solving - voluntary motor control - cognition - intelligence - language processing and comprehension | 105 |
