This is a set for chapters 1 through 12 of the AP World History textbook, Traditions and Encounters. Info is also taken from Barron's flashcards, The Princeton Review book, and the Kaplan review book.
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| 561516223 | prehistory | the period before writing | |
| 561516224 | Lucy | fossil for 3.5 million years ago, found at Hadar | |
| 561516225 | australopithecus | "the southern ape", genus stands alongside homo. walked upright. East Africa 4-1 mil years ago. | |
| 561516226 | Great Rift Valley | where Mary and Louis Leakey excavated hominid fossils | |
| 561516227 | homo erectus | "upright walking human". large brain, sophisitcated tools, fire. language skills= important. | |
| 561516228 | homo sapiens | "consciously thinking human". developed brain w/ frontal regions. knives, spears, bows, arrows. | |
| 561516229 | paleolithic era | old stone age. included stone and bone tools such as spears, bows, arrows, fishhooks, harpoons, clay pots | |
| 561516230 | clans | extended family would grow into this. | |
| 561516231 | tribes | clans would mix with neighboring groups to form this | |
| 561516232 | Cro-Magnon | homo sapien sapiens. first of the fully modern type. | |
| 561516233 | venus figurine | small sculptures of women with exaggerated sexual features | |
| 561516234 | cave paintings | were said to have sympathetic magic for animals | |
| 561516235 | neolithic era | new stone age. domestication. complex societies. | |
| 561516236 | population increase | food surplus led to this | |
| 561516237 | Jericho | one of the world's first Neolithic villages | |
| 561516238 | bantu migrations | movement of Africans across the continent of Africa. had iron and agriculture knowledge. | |
| 561516239 | bronze | these kinds of tools were first used in mesopotamia circa 4000-3000 BCE | |
| 561516240 | Mesopotamia | meaning land between the rivers. Located between Tigris and Euphrates. | |
| 561516241 | Sumer | in southern Mesopotamia. first major civilization of that region. | |
| 561516242 | cuneiform | the biggest Sumerian achievement | |
| 561516243 | ziggurats | Sumerian temples kind of like pyramids. appeased gods (which were different per each city state) | |
| 561516244 | Akkad | north of Sumer. major contribution was first known code of laws, which later influenced Babylon | |
| 561516245 | Code of Hammurabi | extensive code that dealt with every part of daily life. distinguished between major and minor offenses, established sense of justice and fairness | |
| 561516246 | Hittites | technology included horse drawn chariots and iron metallurgy. conquered Babylon | |
| 561516247 | Assyrians | had a powerful and intimidating military. appointed officers in charge of standardized units on the basis of merit, skill, and bravery, rather than noble birth and family connections. horse drawn chariots. | |
| 561516248 | Nebuchadnezzar | rebuilt Babylon as a showplace of architecture and culture (shown by hanging gardens) | |
| 561516249 | iron | experimentation with this began as early as the 4th century BCE. Assyrians used this to conquer Mesopotamia. spread from Mesopotamia to Anatolia, Egypt, North Africa, and other regions. | |
| 561516250 | patriarchal society | basis of Egyptian and Mesopotamian societies. Men made decisions regarding division of household chores among family members and arranged marriages | |
| 561516251 | Great Royal Road | stretched from Persian Gulf to Aegean Sea. Was a Persian road. | |
| 561516252 | Lydians | came up with the concept of using coined money to conduct trade with vs. the old barter system | |
| 561516253 | Phoenicians | established powerful naval city-states all along the Mediterranean also developed simple 22 letter alphabet | |
| 561516254 | Hebrews | First Jews. Settled between Mesopotamia and Egypt | |
| 561516255 | Hatshepsut | a female pharaoh of Egypt | |
| 561516256 | hieroglyphics | Egyptian written language made up of pictographs | |
| 561516257 | Nile | unlike the Tigris and Euphrates river, this river had a relatively predictable flood pattern. this made it possible for stable agriculture. | |
| 561516258 | King Menes | united Upper and Lower Egypt. built drainage and irrigation systems | |
| 561516259 | pharaoh | considered an incarnation of the sun god, who controlled access to the Nile. | |
| 561516260 | afterlife | the Egyptian belief of life after death. Pharaohs believed they could take their earthly belongings with them to here. | |
| 561516261 | mummification | process of preserving dead bodies. Used because pharaohs wanted to use their bodies in the afterlife. | |
| 561516262 | property | during the New Kingdom, women could buy and sell ______, inherit _______, and choose to will their ______ how they pleased. | |
| 561516263 | Egyptian social structure | TOP pharaohs priests nobles skilled artisans and merchants peasants slaves (mostly POWs) BOTTOM | |
| 561516264 | Khyber Pass | provided passage through the Kush Mountains to the Indus River Valley and the outside world. Conversely, also allowed invading forces a way into the land | |
| 561516265 | Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro | the two major cities of the Indus River Civilization. They were master planned, uniformly constructed, had sophisticated wastewater systems and STANDARDIZED WEIGHTS AND MEASURES (i.e. strong central govt) | |
| 561516266 | Indo-European language | similarities between the languages of Europe, Persia, and India formed the basis for this. Ancient Languages demonstrating these similarities are Sanskrit, Old Persian, Greek, and Latin | |
| 561516267 | Aryans | nomadic tribes from north of the Caucasus Mountains. used horses and advanced weaponry. established their religious beliefs on Indian subcontinent, like reincarnation. | |
| 561516268 | Vedas | collection of hymns, songs, prayers, and rituals honoring various Aryan gods | |
| 561516269 | Indra | Aryan war god and military hero | |
| 561516270 | Vedic age | in this period: -Aryans and Dravidians frequently fought among themselves. no common centralized government -hundreds of herding communities and agricultural villages were established -Vedas were recorded;Rig Veda is the most important of these | |
| 561516271 | caste system | four varnas: priests- brahmins warriors and aristocrats- kshatriyas cultivators, aritsans, merchants- vaishyas landless peasants and serfs- shudras + untouchables | |
| 561516272 | jati | subcastes that was determined by occupation. members ate with one another and intermarried, and cared for each other. | |
| 561516273 | Xia Dynasty | This first dynasty tried to organize public life on large scale. Established the precedent for hereditary monarchical rule in China. The founder, Yu, initiated flood-control projects, organized large-scale public works, and set up formal government | |
| 561516274 | Yellow River | known formally as Huang He, and less formally as China's Sorrow. | |
| 561516275 | Shang Dynasty | this dynasty's rise and success based on technology, esp. bronze. It monopolized bronze by taking over all mines and employing craftsmen. Other reason for military success was horse drawn chariots Also, this dynasty practiced ancestral worship. Used oracle bones. | |
| 561516276 | Zhou Dynasty | Longest dynasty. Developed a FEUDAL system in China, similar to Europe in the middle ages. Theory of politics was Mandate of Heaven. Ruled by proclamation (I say it, you do it, bitches.) Iron metallurgy spread to China during this period. | |
| 561516277 | Mandate of Heaven | Says that events on heaven and earth are directly connected, and that power to rule comes from heavenly powers who grant it to the "Son of Heaven", a deserving individual. Used by Zhou to justify takeover of Shang | |
| 561516278 | Warring States | This was a time of disunity for China. Many independent states adopted Legalist philosophies during this time, which eventually helped the Qin rise to power. | |
| 561516279 | Olmecs | "rubber people" (named after the rubber trees in the region, and not the dirty thing you were thinking). Centers of the society were San Lorenzo, La Venta, Tres Zapotes. Constructed drainage. Authoritarian rule. | |
| 561516280 | Chavin | urban, polytheistic civilization.used llamas as their beasts of burden. Interestingly, this civilization, along with the Olmecs, did not develop in a river valley. | |
| 561516281 | Mayan | this society was hierarchical, with a large priest class. (kings, priests, and hereditary nobility at top). had ceremonial centers. | |
| 561516282 | terrace farming | developed to capture the rainfall and silt. It was used in a parallel to irrigation for those societies that didn't have as adequate rainfall as Mesoamerica. | |
| 561516283 | Teotihuacan | city build in central Mexico because of the abundant supplies of fish. Had colossal pyramids of the sun and the moon. theocratic govt. no sign of military organization or conquest. | |
| 561516284 | Chavin Cult | arose when maize became an important crop in South America, so it was designed to promote fertility and abundant harvests | |
| 561516285 | Achaemenid | This empire was divided into 23 satrapies, in which taxes were levied and laws were standardized. Challenged the Assyrian and Babylonian empire | |
| 561516286 | Persian Wars | Was a rebellion of Ionian Greeks against the mainland (called Darius's Persians tyrants). The Persians use of unlimited manpower and resources earned them the rep. as one of the greatest militaries in history. | |
| 561516287 | Delian League | formed to stop future Persian aggression. Led by Athens. | |
| 561516288 | Battle of Marathon | A fail battle for Darius. Here, he lost to the Athenian army of 10,000 men. | |
| 561516289 | Cyrus | The Shepard who launched Persian's imperial venture. | |
| 561516290 | Darius | standardized coins and laws, built the Royal Road, built a formal tax system. Also had a ghetto name. | |
| 561516291 | Xerxes | this ruler retreated from Darius's policy of toleration and instead shoved Persian rule into their people's faces. | |
| 561516292 | Persian | this civilization had a government with a new class of educated bureaucrats who played an important role in the daily affairs of the empire | |
| 561516293 | Seleucid | inherited most of Achaemenid when Alexander died. retained Achaemenid system of administration (taxation, roads, postal) | |
| 561516294 | Parthian | One of the states that succeeded Alexander. power was mostly heavy Calvary. retained a lot of the customs and traditions of the nomadic peoples from the steppes of central Asia. | |
| 561516295 | Sasanid | toppled Parthians. Came from Persia and claimed direct descent from the Achaemenids. During the reign of Shapur I, these people even defeated several Roman armies, and constructed roads. | |
| 561516296 | free classes | In Persia, these consisted of priests, priestesses, artisans, craftsmen, merchants, and low-ranking civil servants | |
| 561516297 | qanat | Underground canals that moved water without it evaporating. | |
| 561516298 | Zoroastrianism | believed that the material world is a blessing. You should enjoy everything the world has to offer. Like sex. Mmm, sex. I mean, also, wealth and social status. But in moderation. Also believed in definite good and evil. Very popular among Persian aristocrats and ruling elites. Darius even picked up on it. | |
| 561516299 | Ahura Mazda | supreme god according the the Zoroastrianistic religion. Means "wise lord". | |
| 561516300 | Zarathustra | left his family at the age of 20 in search of wisdom. after ten years he revealed that visions were revealed to him by the supreme god of the religion he sort of founded. | |
| 561516301 | Confucianism | developed specifically for the Chinese culture, and was widely practiced through-out China from 400 BCE onward. Make note: It is a political and social philosophy, not a religion. | |
| 561516302 | relationships | Confucianism focuses on 5 of these: ruler and subject, parent and child, husband and wife, older brother and younger brother, and friend and friend. Society is orderly when everyone lives up to their obligationS. | |
| 561516303 | Confucius | lived during Warring States period, so he sought to restore order. He was a practical guy. No fancy schmancy philosophical or religious thought, because they didn't help him today. | |
| 561516304 | Analects | collection of Confucius's sayings written down by his pupils | |
| 561516305 | Junzi | "superior individuals" who were educated, conscientious, and able to put aside personal ambition for the good of the state. Confucianism focused on forming these. | |
| 561516306 | ren | one of the key Confucian values. focused on courteousness, respectfulness, diligence, loyalty | |
| 561516307 | li | one of the key Confucian values. focused on a sense of propriety, traditionally appropriate behavior | |
| 561516308 | xiao | one of the key Confucian values. focused on filial piety. | |
| 561516309 | Daoism | an alternative solution to end the Warring States period. Wanted to understand natural principles that governed the world and to achieve harmony with nature. Founded by Lao-tzu | |
| 561516310 | dao | "the way". also, "the way of nature". it accomplishes everything yet does nothing. Think about a pot. The opening in the pot is nothing, yet the pot would not be a pot without it. | |
| 561516311 | wuwei | this is disengagement from worldly affairs, a simple life in harmony with nature. Less is more. (toilet paper reference) | |
| 561516312 | Legalism | One of the major philosophies during the Warring States period. Based on goal of expanding and strengthening the state at all costs. It is RUTHLESS, but efficient. (Like Asian parents.) Strict laws and harsh punishments. Focused on government and military. | |
| 561516313 | Shi Huangdi | est. centralized rule in China- specifically, a centralized bureaucracy. He standardized laws, currencies, weights, measures, Chinese script, built walls, built roads, disarmed local military. Was an enforcer of Legalism in the Qin Dynasty | |
| 561516314 | Qin Dynasty | Ended Warring States period with Legalism. conversely, was short lived because of strict laws and harsh punishments. Also built Great Wall of China. That's important. | |
| 561516315 | Early Han Dynasty | centralized rule returned in this dynasty (it was a happy medium between Zhou decentralization and Qin overcentralization) Adopted Legalist policies with bureaucracy. | |
| 561516316 | Liu Bang | restored order during the Early Han Dynasty. He centralized rule using persistence and methodical planning. | |
| 561516317 | Han Wudi | est. an imperial university to educate government officials. This curriculum was based off of Confucianism because it was the only system that was developed enough to establish a curriculum on | |
| 561516318 | Huns | large nomadic group from northern Asia, invaded territories extending from China to Eastern Europe | |
| 561516319 | Later Han Dynasty | Ignored land distribution problems. Yellow Turban Uprising is an example of these disgruntled folks, and it weakened the Han empire. Also weakening it was the divisions within the ruling elite, private armies, and economic decline. | |
| 561516320 | Wang Mang | established the short lived Xin Dynasty. Attempted to reform land ownership and currency, but failed. | |
| 561516321 | Mauryan Empire | A classical Indian dynasty that developed out of a political void created by failed invasions of Persian emperor Darius. | |
| 561516322 | Ashoka | conquered kingdom of Kalinga through bloody battles, uniting the entire subcontinent. Built irrigation systems, constructed roads for trade and travel, supported Buddhism, encouraged religious tolerance | |
| 561516323 | Gupta Empire | more decentralized (government was left to the locals) and smaller than its predecessor, but enjoyed relative peace and saw significant advances in the arts and sciences | |
| 561516324 | Arabic numerals | originally developed by Gupta mathematicians, it was a decimal system 1-9. It diffused to the Arabs, thus earning its name. | |
| 561516325 | Jain | Indian belief system popularized by a guy nicknamed Jina. It wasn't practical, but it was attractive- because if all creatures possessed a soul, there should not be rigid social classes | |
| 561516326 | ahmisa | non-violence toward living things. Extremists swept ground as they walked to avoid harming insects | |
| 561516327 | Buddhism | follow the dharma: four noble truths and the eight fold path. the ultimate goal is nirvana, which may or may not take several lifetimes. | |
| 561516328 | four noble truths | all life is suffering; suffering is caused by desire; one can be freed of this desire; one is freed of desire by following what's called the eighfold path | |
| 561516329 | Hinduism | world's oldest religion; originated in India. meet caste responsibilities and you'll be good in the next life. believed in Brahma | |
| 561516330 | Mycenaeans | adapted Minoan Linear A into Linear B. Nice stone fortresses. Nice palaces, too. Their conflict w/ Troy was presented in the Iliad. | |
| 561516331 | polis | greek word for city. Attracted large populations because it offered safety, and became center of trade | |
| 561516332 | Sparta | city-state in classical Greece. Simple, military oriented existence. Women had more rights here than in any other city state | |
| 561516333 | Athens | city-state in classical Greece. Political, commercial, and cultureal center of Greek civilization. later became a democracy. | |
| 561516334 | Pericles | Called Athens the "Education of Greece" Under his leadership, Athens became a vibrant community of scientists, philosophers, poets, etc. Also, built job programs. |
