Biology (6th edition) by Campbell & Reece
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| 510687386 | Book published by Charles Darwin | On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. | |
| 510687387 | 2 Points made by Darwin in The Origin of Species | the species of organisms inhibiting earth today descended from ancestral species & the mechanism for evolution is natural selection | |
| 510687388 | Natural Selection | (mechanism for evolution) a population of organisms can change over generations if individuals having certain heritable traits leave more offspring than other individuals. | |
| 510687389 | Evolutionary Adaptation | (result of natural selection) a prevalence of inherited characteristics that enhances organisms' survival and reproduction in specific environments. | |
| 510687390 | Evolution | the change in the genetic composition of the population over time. | |
| 510687391 | Aristotle view on species | believed that all living forms could be arranged on a ladder of increasing complexity (scala naturae) with perfect, permanent species on every rung. | |
| 510687392 | Natural Theology | viewed the adaptation of organisms as evidence that the Creator had designed each species for a purpose. | |
| 510687393 | Taxonomy | A system for naming species and classifying species into a hierarchy of increasingly complex categories. | |
| 510687394 | Carolus Linnaeus | founded taxonomy; developed the binomial system of naming organisms according to genus and species | |
| 510687395 | Fossils | remain or traces of organisms from the past mineralized in sedimentary rocks. | |
| 510687396 | Sedimentary Rocks | formed when mud and sand settle to the bottom of seas, lakes, and marshes | |
| 510687397 | Strata | Layers of rock | |
| 510687398 | Carves through sedimentary rock to expose older strata at the surface | erosion | |
| 510687399 | Paleontology | the study of fossils | |
| 510687400 | Georges Cuvier | french anatomist who largely developed paleontology; advocated catastrophism | |
| 510687401 | The older the strata... | ...the more dissimilar the fossils from modern life. | |
| 510687402 | Catastrophism | speculation that boundaries between strata were due to local floods or droughts that destroyed the species then present. Areas later repopulated by species immigrating from unaffected areas. | |
| 510687403 | James Hutton | scottish geologist; proposed theory of gradualism | |
| 510687404 | Gradualism | theory that the profound geological changes took place through cumulative effect of slow but continuous processes identical to those currently opperating. | |
| 510687405 | Charles Lyell | geologist; proposed theory of uniformitarianism. | |
| 510687406 | Uniformitarianism | theory that geological processes had not changes throughout Earth's history | |
| 510687407 | 2 geologists who influenced Darwin's theory of evolution | James Hutton and Charles Lyell | |
| 510687408 | Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck | french biologist; explained observations of fossil invertebrates with principles: use and disuse of parts and the inheritance of acquired characteristics; thought that evolutionary change was driven by innate drive of organisms to increasing complexity. | |
| 510687409 | Use and Disuse | Concept that body parts that are used extensively become larger and stronger while those that are not used deteriorate. | |
| 510687410 | Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics | modifications acquired during the life of an organism could be passed to offspring. | |
| 510687411 | Primary mission of 5 year voyage of the Beagle | to chart poorly known stretches of South American coastline | |
| 510687412 | Alfred Russel Wallace | young naturalist working in the East Indies; sent Darwin a manuscript containing theory of natural selection. | |
| 510687413 | Descent with modification | (word used by Darwin instead of evolution) all organisms are related through descent from a common ancestor that lived in remote past. Over time, adaptations accumulate that allow them to survive and reproduce in specific habitats. | |
| 510687414 | Adaptations | Diverse modification | |
| 510687415 | Ernst Mayr | Dissected the logic of Darwin's theory into 3 inferences based on 5 observations. | |
| 510687416 | Observation 1 | All species have such great potential fertility that their population would increase exponentially if all born reproduced successfully | |
| 510687417 | Observation 2 | Population tends to remain stable in size, except for seasonal fluctuations | |
| 510687418 | Observation 3 | Environmental Resources are limited | |
| 510687419 | Inference 1 (obs.3) | production of more individuals than the environment can support leads to struggle for existence among a population, with only a fraction of the offspring surviving each generation. | |
| 510687420 | Observation 4 | Individuals of a population vary extensively in their characteristics; no 2 individuals are exactly alike | |
| 510687421 | Observation 5 | Much of the variations in a population is heritable. | |
| 510687422 | Inference 2 (obs.5) | survival in the struggle for existence is not random- depends in part on inherited traits. Iindividuals whose inherited traits are best suited for survival and reproduction in their environment are likely to leave more offspring than less fit individuals. | |
| 510687423 | Inference 2 (obs.5) | The unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce leads to gradual change in a population, with favorable characteristics accumulating over generations. | |
| 510687424 | Thomas Malthus | wrote essay on human population that influenced Darwin's views on overreproduction; much of human suffering was consequence of potential for human populations to increase faster than food supplies and other resources. | |
| 510687425 | Differential reproductive success | organisms with traits favored by environment produce more offspring then do organisms without those traits. | |
| 510687426 | Evolutionary Change | The increasing frequency of the favored traits in a population | |
| 510687427 | Artificial Selection | breeding of selected individuals with desired traits | |
| 510687428 | Natural Selection is differential success in reproduction that results from... | ...individuals that vary in heritable traits and their environment | |
| 510687429 | The product of natural selection is... | ...the increasing adaptation of organisms to their environment. | |
| 510687430 | If an environment changes over time, or if individuals of a species move to a new environment, natural selection may result in... | ...adaptations to the new condition, sometimes giving rise to a new species in the process. | |
| 510687431 | Individuals do not evolve | A population is the smallest group that can evolve. | |
| 510687432 | Population | a group of interbreeding individuals of a single species that share a common geographic area. | |
| 510687433 | Evolutionary change is measured as... | ...changes in relative proportion of heritable traits in a population over successive generation. | |
| 510687434 | Heritable Traits | traits that are passed from organisms to their offspring | |
| 510687435 | Characteristics acquired by an organism during its lifetime... | ...enhance its survival and reproductive success but there is no evidence that it can be inherited by offspring. | |
| 510687436 | Environmental factors vary between places and time so a trait... | that is favorable in one environment may be useless in another environment. | |
| 510687437 | Natural selection is an editing mechanism. | It can only act on existing variation; it cannot create favorable traits. | |
| 510687438 | Natural selection favors traits that increase fitness in the current local, environment. | What is adaptive in one situation is not adaptive in another | |
| 510687439 | Homology | similarity in characteristic traits from common ancestry. | |
| 510687440 | Homologous Structures | share same skeletal elements, even though appendages have very different functions. | |
| 510687441 | Vestigial Structures | Structures with marginal importance to a living organism, but had important functions in organism's ancestors. | |
| 510687442 | Evolution is a remodeling process | alters existing structures | |
| 510687443 | Similarities among organisms at molecular level | all species have same basic genetic machinery of RNA and DNA; genetic code is universal | |
| 510687444 | Tetrapod | amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals; all share same 5-digit limb structure. | |
| 510687445 | Anatomical resemblances among species are generally reflected in... | ...their genes (DNA) and gene products (proteins) | |
| 510687446 | Biogeography | The geographical distribution of species | |
| 510687447 | Species tend to be more closely related to other species from the same area than to... | ...other species with the same way of life that live in different areas. | |
| 510687448 | marsupial mammals | complete their development in an external pouch | |
| 510687449 | eutherian mammals | complete their development in the uterus. | |
| 510687450 | Endemic | found nowhere else in the world | |
| 510687451 | Where endemic species are generally found. | Islands | |
| 510687452 | Endemic species are typically more closely related to species living on the nearest mainland than to... | ...species from other island groups | |
| 510687453 | Archipelagos | Island chains; may have different, but related, species | |
| 510687454 | Theory | accounts for many observations and data and attempts to explain and integrate a great variety of phenomena. | |
| 510687455 | Unifying theory does not become wildly accepted unless... | ...its prediction stand up to through an continual testing by experiments and additional observation | |
| 510687456 | convergent evolution | the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages. | |
| 510687457 | analogous | analogous features share similar function but not common ancestry. | |
| 510687458 | biogeography | the geographic distribution of species | |
| 510687459 | Pangea | Earth's landmasses into a single large continent | |
| 510687460 | endemic | when plants and animals are found no where else in the world. |
