A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe
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| 237437355 | Middle Ages | the period of history between classical antiquity and the Italian Renaissance 500-1450 | 0 | |
| 237437356 | Gothic | a style of architecture developed in northern France that spread throughout Europe between the 12th and 16th centuries | 1 | |
| 237437357 | Vikings | Scandinavian pirates who plundered the coasts of Europe from the 8th to 10th centuries. | 2 | |
| 237437358 | Manorialism | An economic system based on the manor and lands including a village and surrounding acreage which were administered by a lord. It developed during the Middle Ages to increase agricultural production. | 3 | |
| 237437359 | Serfs | Peasant workers who were tied to the land on which they lived | 4 | |
| 237437360 | Three-field system | A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe. | 5 | |
| 237437361 | Clovis | king of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris and founded the Frankish monarchy | 6 | |
| 237437362 | Carolingians | Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in 10th century. | 7 | |
| 237437363 | Charles Martel | Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe. | 8 | |
| 237437364 | Charlemagne | King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival. | 9 | |
| 237437365 | Holy Roman Emperors | Rulers in northern Italy and Germany following the breakup of Charlemagne's empire; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy. | 10 | |
| 237437366 | Feudalism | a political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages; nobles offered protection and land in return for service | 11 | |
| 237437367 | William the Conqueror | duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion (1066) of England and became the first Norman to be King of England | 12 | |
| 237437368 | Magna Carta | This document, signed by King John of England in 1215, is the cornerstone of English justice and law. It declared that the king and government were bound by the same laws as other citizens of England. It contained the antecedents of the ideas of due process and the right to a fair and speedy trial that are included in the protection offered by the U.S. Bill of Rights | 13 | |
| 237437369 | Pope Urban II | pope who called for the first crusade to reclaim Jerusalem from the Muslims | 14 | |
| 237437370 | Hanseatic League | a commercial and defensive confederation of free cities in northern Germany and surrounding areas | 15 | |
| 237437371 | Guilds | an association of persons of the same trade or pursuits, formed to protect mutual interests and maintain standards | 16 | |
| 237437372 | Roman Catholic Church | the Christian Church based in the Vatican and presided over by a pope and an episcopal hierarchy | 17 | |
| 237437373 | Franks | group of Germanic people who rose to prominence under the leadership of King Clovis | 18 | |
| 237437374 | Geoffrey Chaucer | English author of the Canterbury Tales (1340-1400) | 19 | |
| 237437375 | Beowolf | greatest Anglo-Saxon poem and oldest surviving epic of any Germanic people | 20 |
