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| 948659827 | Bill of Rights (1791) | Popular term for the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The amendments secure key rights for individuals and reserve to the states all powers not explicitly delegated or prohibited by the Constitution. | 0 | |
| 948659828 | Judiciary Act of 1789 | Organized the federal legal system, establishing the Supreme Court, federal district and circuit courts, and the office of the attorney general. | 1 | |
| 948659829 | Funding at par | Payments of debts, such as government bonds, at face value. In 1790, Alexander Hamilton proposed that the federal government pay its Revolutionary war debts in full in order to bolder the nation's credit. | 2 | |
| 948659830 | Assumption | Transfer of debt from one party to another. In order to strengthen the union, the federal government assumed states' Revolutionary War debts in 1790, thereby tying the interests to wealthy lenders with those of the national government. | 3 | |
| 948659831 | Tariff | Tax levied on imports. Traditionally, manufacturers support tariffs as protective and revenue-raising measures, while agricultural interests, dependent on world markets, opposed high tariffs. | 4 | |
| 948659832 | Excise Tax | Tax on goods produced domestically. Excise taxes, particularly the 1791 tax on whiskey, were a highly controversial component of Alexander Hamilton's financial program. | 5 | |
| 948659833 | Bank of the United States (1791) | Chartered by Congress as part of Alexander Hamilton's financial program, the bank printed paper money and served as a depository for Treasure funds. It drew opposition from Jeffersonian Republicans, who argues that the bank was unconstitutional. | 6 | |
| 948659834 | Whiskey Rebellion (1794) | Popular uprising of whiskey distillers in southwestern Pennsylvania in opposition to an excise tax on whiskey. In a show of strength and resolve by the new central government, Washington put down the rebellion with militia drawn from several states. | 7 | |
| 948659835 | Reign of Terror (1794-1794) | Ten-month period of brutal repression when some 40,000 individuals were executed as enemies of the French Revolution. W maintained their faith in the French Republic, Federalists withdrew their already lukewarm support once the Reign of Terror commenced. | 8 | |
| 948659836 | Neutrality Proclamation of 1793 | Issued by George Washington, it proclaimed America's formal neutrality in the escalating conflict between England and France, a statement that enraged pro-French Jeffersonians. | 9 | |
| 948659837 | Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) | Decisive battle between the Miami confederacy and the U.S. Army. British forces refused to shelter the routed Indians, forcing the latter to attain a peace settlement with the United States. | 10 | |
| 948659838 | Treaty of Greenville (1795) | Under the terms of the treaty, the Miami Confederacy agreed to cede territory in the Old Northwest to the United States in exchange for cash payment, hunting rights, and formal recognition of their sovereign status. | 11 | |
| 948659839 | Jay's Treaty (1794) | Negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay in an effort to avoid war with Britain, the treaty included a British promise to evacuate outposts on U.S. soil and pay damages for seized American vessels, in exchange for which lay bound to the United States repay pre-Revolutionary war debts and to abide by Britain's restrictive trading policies toward France. | 12 | |
| 948659840 | Pinckney's Treaty (1795) | Signed with Spain which, fearing an Anglo-American alliance, granted Americans free navigation of the Mississippi and the disputed territory of Florida. | 13 | |
| 948659841 | Washington's Farewell Address (1796) | George Washington's address at the end of his presidency, warning against "permanent alliances" with other nations. Washington did not oppose all alliances, but believed that the young, fledgling nation should forge alliances only on a temporary basis, in extraordinary circumstances. | 14 | |
| 948659842 | XYZ Affair (1797) | Diplomatic conflict between France and the United States when American envoys to France were asked to pay for a hefty bribe for the privilege of meeting with the French foreign minister. Many in the U.S. called for war against France, while American sailors and privateers waged an undeclared war against French merchants in the Caribbean. | 15 | |
| 948659843 | Convention of 1800 | Agreement to formally dissolve the United States' treaty alliance with France, originally signed during the Revolutionary War. The difficulties posed by America's peacetime alliance with France contributed to Americans' longstanding opposition to entangling alliances with foreign powers. | 16 | |
| 948659844 | Alien Laws (1798) | Acts passed by a Federalist Congress raising the residency requirement for citizenship to fourteen years and granting the president the power to deport dangerous foreigners in times of peace. | 17 | |
| 948659845 | Sedition Laws (1798) | Enacted by the Federal Congress in an effort to clamp down on Jefferonian opposition, the law made anyone convicted of defaming government officials or interfering with government policies liable to imprisonment and a heavy fine. The act drew heavy criticism form Republicans, who let the act expire in 1801. | 18 | |
| 948659846 | Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1789-1799) | Statements secretly drafted by Jefferson and Madison for the legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia. Argued that states were the final arbiters of where the federal government overstepped its boundaries and could therefore nullify, or refuse to accept, national legislation they deemed unconstitutional. | 19 | |
| 948659847 | George Washington | Entered office with the full support of the national and state leadership. The Electoral College electors, which were chosen by the state legislatures, elected Washington unanimously in 1789, and again in the 1792 election. He refused to run for a third term, establishing the customary policy of a maximum of two terms for a president, which later became law by the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution. | 20 | |
| 948659848 | Alexander Hamilton | A Founding Father of the United States, chief of staff to General Washington, one of the most influential interpreters and promoters of the Constitution, the founder of the nation's financial system, and the founder of the first American political party. | 21 | |
| 948659849 | Louis XVI | King of France and Navarre from 1774 until 1791, after which he was subsequently King of the French from 1791 to 1792, before his deposition and execution during the French Revolution. The first part of Louis' reign was marked by attempts to reform France in accordance with Enlightenment ideals. These included efforts to abolish serfdom, remove the taille, and increase tolerance toward non-Catholics. The French nobility reacted to the proposed reforms with hostility, and successfully opposed their implementation; increased discontent among the common people ensued. From 1776 Louis XVI actively supported the North American colonists, who were seeking their independence from Great Britain, which was realized in the 1783 Treaty of Paris. | 22 | |
| 948659850 | Edmond Genet | He was a French prodigy who could read French, English, Italian, Latin, Swedish, and German by the age of 12. Rose to in France and appointed to the post of minister to the United States. In 1793, he was dispatched to the United States to promote American support for France's wars with Spain and Britain. His in South Carolina were to recruit and arm American privateers who would join French expeditions against the British. His actions endangered American neutrality in the war between France and Britain, which Washington had pointedly declared in his Neutrality Proclamation of April 22. | 23 | |
| 948659851 | Little Turtle | He was a chief of the Miami people, and one of the most famous Native American military leaders of his time. He led his followers in several major victories against United States forces in the 1790s during the Northwest Indian Wars. | 24 | |
| 948659852 | "Mad Anthony" Wayne | An outstanding Revolutionary war officer, President Washington called upon to train and lead an assault during the Northwest Indian wars.Wayne mounted an assault on the Indian confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, in modern Maumee, Ohio, which was a decisive victory for the U.S. forces, ending the war & acquiring Ohio territory. | 25 | |
| 948659853 | John Jay | He was an American statesman, Patriot, diplomat, a Founding Father of the United States, signer of the Treaty of Paris, and the first Chief Justice of the United States (1789-95). Major diplomatic achievement was to negotiate trade terms with Great Britain when he was still serving as Supreme Court Chief Justice. He was an a proponent of strong, centralized government, worked to ratify the new Constitution in New York in 1788 by writing five of the Federalist Papers, along with the main authors Alexander Hamilton and James Madison. | 26 | |
| 948659854 | John Adams | A lawyer and public figure in Boston, as a delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress, he played a leading role in persuading Congress to declare independence. He assisted Thomas Jefferson in drafting the Declaration of Independence in 1776, and was its primary advocate in the Congress. He served as Vice President prior to his presidency. He signed the controversial Alien & Sedition Acts. | 27 | |
| 948659855 | Charles Maurice de Tallyrand | He was a French Foreign Minister. President John Adams refused to pay the £50,000 bribe and loan before formal negotiations could begin aka XYZ Affair. The failure of the commission led to an undeclared naval war called the Quasi-War (1798 to 1800), and caused a political firestorm in the United States when the commission's dispatches were published. | 28 |
